1. Muon-catalysed fusion revisited Steven Earl Jones SUMMARY: Muons introduced into relatively cold, dense deuterium-tritium mixtures can replace the atomic electrons and form muonic molecules which participate readily in nuclear fusion reactions. Catalysis CONTEXT: ...in nuclear fusion reactions. Catalysis yields of ~150 fusions per muon have been achieved, renewing interest in muon-catalysed fusion as a possible source of energy. MUON-CATALYSED fusion can be viewed as a series of reactions... Nature 321, 127 - 133 (08 May 1986), doi: 10.1038/321127a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 2. The Mass Difference of the Muon and the Electron F. HOYLE, J. V. NARLIKAR SUMMARY: The fact that the muon and the electron have different masses can be understood in terms of a Machian theory of inertia. The masses of particles are not fixed and immutable but depend on the deta CONTEXT: The fact that the muon and the electron have different masses can be understood in terms of a Machian theory of inertia. The masses of particles are not fixed and immutable but depend on the detailed particle composition of the universe.... Nature 238, 86 - 87 (14 Jul 1972), doi: 10.1038/238086a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 3. Muon catalysed fusion for pellet ignition W.P.S. Tan SUMMARY: We describe here a new method for achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion which appears to give a better overall energy output over input ratio than for laser driven fusion. CONTEXT: ...into the pellet. The muon energy distribution is selected such that most of the muons are deposited in the core of the pellet. The distance stopped and the moderation time can be obtained as a function of the muon incident energy1.... Nature 263, 656 - 659 (21 Oct 1976), doi: 10.1038/263656a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 4. SIN and the muon-electron puzzle F. E. Close CONTEXT: ...few weeks several papers have appeared proposing mechanisms to explain the exotic radiative transmutation of the muon into the electron. Although widespread publicity in the world press may have led readers to think that this... Nature 266, 679 - 680 (21 Apr 1977), doi: 10.1038/266679a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 5. Muons and muon trapping by solid-state imperfections A. M. Stoneham CONTEXT: THE positive muon has an obvious potential in solid state physics. Its spin polarisation can be monitored to give data such as the site it occupies, local magnetic fields, diffusion rates and Knight shifts. If a suitable beam is... Nature 277, 173 - 175 (18 Jan 1979), doi: 10.1038/277173a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 6. Surface-adsorbed free radicals observed by positive-muon avoided-level-crossing resonance Ivan D. Reid, Toshiyuki Azuma, Emil Roduner CONTEXT: ...Here we demonstrate for the model case of cyclohexadienyl radicals on silica that a novel technique, positive-muon avoided-level-crossing spin resonance, which uses positive muons as spin probes, is sufficiently sensitive to allow... Nature 345, 328 - 330 (24 May 1990), doi: 10.1038/345328a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 7. Physical Sciences: Rare Gas Anomalies and Intense Muon Fluxes in the Past J. TAKAGI CONTEXT: ...Takagi et al.2 pointed out that the observed 129Xe/131Xe ratios are well explained by muon interactions on tellurium isotopes. The intense muon flux necessary for the production of the observed amount of the xenon isotopes was... Nature 227, 362 - 363 (25 Jul 1970), doi: 10.1038/227362a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 8. Muon production of 92,94Nb in the Earth's crust DONALD D. CLAYTON, JOHN A. MORGAN CONTEXT: ...neutrons are regarded as arising from muon capture on all species in the Earth's crust. On the other hand, 92Nb would arise from92Mo (m,g)92Nb,94Mo (m-,2n) 92Nb, and so on. We use a theory of muon capture as developed by Singer4 in... Nature 266, 712 - 713 (21 Apr 1977), doi: 10.1038/266712a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 9. Muon spin rotation G. C. Stirling CONTEXT: ...justification for the vast funding accorded high energy physics research in recent years. µSR-the acronym stands for Muon Spin Rotation, Relaxation, Resonance, Research or what have you, and refers to the analogy with NMR and ESR-... Nature 276, 324 - 325 (23 Nov 1978), doi: 10.1038/276324a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 10. Muon catalysis for energy production by nuclear fusion Yu. V. Petrov CONTEXT: In 1957 Jackson1 considered the possibility of using muon-catalysed dt (deuterium–tritium)-fusion for energy production. His conclusion was negative. However, the situation has now changed and this problem should be reconsidered. The... Nature 285, 466 - 468 (12 Jun 1980), doi: 10.1038/285466a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 11. Nuclear Physics: Electron?Muon Universality A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...chamber group reports observation of more than fifty examples of the decay of the negative 27 hyperon to a negative muon, a neutron and an anti-neutrino. Combining their data with a similar result from a Heidelberg group they make a... Nature 223, 780 - 780 (23 Aug 1969), doi: 10.1038/223780a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 12. Enhancement of the number of muon catalysed fusions L. Bracci, G. Fiorentini CONTEXT: ...This effect can be useful for enhancing the number of nuclear fusions which a muon can catalyse in a deuterium–tritium mixture. The possibility of using the muon catalysis of nuclear reactions for the purpose of energy production has... Nature 297, 134 - 136 (13 May 1982), doi: 10.1038/297134a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 13. Magnetic-field penetration depth in K3C60 measured by muon spin relaxation Y. J. Uemura, A. Keren, L. P. Le, G. M. Luke, B. J. Sternlieb, W. D. Wu, J. H. Brewer, R. L. Whetten, S. M. Huang, Sophia Lin, R. B. Kaner, F. Diederich, S. Donovan, G. Grüner, K. Holczer CONTEXT: ...the copper oxide superconductors. Here we report muon-spin-relaxation measurements of the magnetic-field penetration depth ? in K3C60. The temperature dependence of ? and of the muon spin relaxation rate indicate that the... Nature 352, 605 - 607 (15 Aug 1991), doi: 10.1038/352605a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 14. High Energy Physics: Muon Magnetic Moment CONTEXT: ...experiment has just been completed at CERN in which the magnetic moment of the mu-meson, affectionately known as the muon, has been measured with sufficient accuracy to put in question the validity of quantum electrodynamics as a... Nature 221, 125 - 126 (11 Jan 1969), doi: 10.1038/221125b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 15. Muon catalysis of hot fusion E. P. HINCKS, M. K. SUNDARESAN, P. J. S. WATSON CONTEXT: THE idea of muon catalysis of cold fusion dates back nearly 50 years1–3, but the death blow to the technique was given by Jackson4. It has been revived by Tan5 in connection with fusion in inertially confined pellets and his idea is... Nature 269, 584 - 585 (13 Oct 1977), doi: 10.1038/269584a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 16. Cosmic Rays: Muon-poor Showers A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...undertaken by workers at Utah, who have observed muon distributions deep underground and have found that they cannot readily be related to the general understanding of muon production in showers. The group at Utah suggested that a... Nature 222, 622 - 623 (17 May 1969), doi: 10.1038/222622a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 17. Cosmic Rays: Backing for Muon Theory CONTEXT: ...and they suggested that the solution lay in what they called an X process, for which the variation with energy of muon production was flatter than for production from pions and kaons. One interesting possibility was that the X was in... Nature 227, 1003 - 1003 (05 Sep 1970), doi: 10.1038/2271003a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 18. Muon Solar Daily Variation at a Depth of 60 Metres Water Equivalent D. S. PEACOCK, T. THAMBYAHPILLAI CONTEXT: ...underground and ground level recorders. So far as is known, the behaviour of the solar diurnal wave as observed by muon detectors has been different during and before the solar minimum of 1964-1965 from that which was observed near... Nature 215, 146 - 147 (08 Jul 1967), doi: 10.1038/215146a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 19. UK muon source given exemption David Swinbanks, David Dickson CONTEXT: ...a pulsed muon source. RIKEN was able to avoid most of the VAT only by calling the facility a 'gift' from the Japanese government. In 1990, RIKEN and RAL, with the blessing of the British government, agreed to construct a muon source... Nature 361, 388 - 388 (04 Feb 1993), doi: 10.1038/361388c0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 20. Measurements of relativistic time dilatation for positive and negative muons in a circular orbit J. Bailey, K. Borer, F. Combley, H. Drumm, F. Krienen, F. Lange, E. Picasso, W. von Ruden, F. J. M. Farley, J. H. Field, W. Flegel, P. M. Hattersley SUMMARY: The lifetimes of both positive and negative relativistic (? = 29.33) muons have been measured in the CERN Muon Storage Ring with the results ?+ = 64.419 (58) µs, |[t CONTEXT: The lifetimes of both positive and negative relativistic (? = 29.33) muons have been measured in the CERN Muon Storage Ring with the results t+ = 64.419 (58) µs, t- = 64.368 (29) µs The value for positive muons is in accordance with... Nature 268, 301 - 305 (28 Jul 1977), doi: 10.1038/268301a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 21. Phase separation and suppression of critical dynamics at quantum phase transitions of MnSi and (Sr: 1-: x: Ca: x: )RuO: 3 Y. J. Uemura, T. Goko, I. M. Gat-Malureanu, J. P. Carlo, P. L. Russo, A. T. Savici, A. Aczel, G. J. MacDougall, J. A. Rodriguez, G. M. Luke, S. R. Dunsiger, A. McCollam, J. Arai, Ch. Pfleiderer, P. Böni, K. Yoshimura, E. Baggio-Saitovitch, M. B. Fontes, J. Larrea, Y. V. Sushko, J. Sereni SUMMARY: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) at zero temperature are generally studied by means of pressure or composition tuning. Volume-integrated probes such as neutron and magnetization measurements, as CONTEXT: ...its unique sensitivity to slow spin fluctuations and to signals both from paramagnetic and ordered volume fractions, muon spin relaxation (µSR) is a probe well suited to shed new light on magnetic behaviours around quantum phase... Nature Reports: Climate Change (24 Dec 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys488, Article Abstract | Full Text | Rights and permissions | Save this link 22. Phase separation and suppression of critical dynamics at quantum phase transitions of MnSi and (Sr: 1-: x: Ca: x: )RuO: 3 Y. J. Uemura, T. Goko, I. M. Gat-Malureanu, J. P. Carlo, P. L. Russo, A. T. Savici, A. Aczel, G. J. MacDougall, J. A. Rodriguez, G. M. Luke, S. R. Dunsiger, A. McCollam, J. Arai, Ch. Pfleiderer, P. Böni, K. Yoshimura, E. Baggio-Saitovitch, M. B. Fontes, J. Larrea, Y. V. Sushko, J. Sereni SUMMARY: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) at zero temperature are generally studied by means of pressure or composition tuning. Volume-integrated probes such as neutron and magnetization measurements, as CONTEXT: ...its unique sensitivity to slow spin fluctuations and to signals both from paramagnetic and ordered volume fractions, muon spin relaxation (µSR) is a probe well suited to shed new light on magnetic behaviours around quantum phase... Nature Reports: Climate Change (24 Dec 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys488, Article Abstract | Full Text | Rights and permissions | Save this link 23. Phase separation and suppression of critical dynamics at quantum phase transitions of MnSi and (Sr1-xCax)RuO3 Y. J. Uemura, T. Goko, I. M. Gat-Malureanu, J. P. Carlo, P. L. Russo, A. T. Savici, A. Aczel, G. J. MacDougall, J. A. Rodriguez, G. M. Luke, S. R. Dunsiger, A. McCollam, J. Arai, Ch. Pfleiderer, P. Böni, K. Yoshimura, E. Baggio-Saitovitch, M. B. Fontes, J. Larrea, Y. V. Sushko, J. Sereni SUMMARY: Quantum phase transitions (QPTs) at zero temperature are generally studied by means of pressure or composition tuning. Volume-integrated probes such as neutron and magnetization CONTEXT: ...its unique sensitivity to slow spin fluctuations and to signals both from paramagnetic and ordered volume fractions, muon spin relaxation (SR) is a probe well suited to shed new light on magnetic behaviours around quantum phase... Nature Physics 3, 29 - 35 (01 Jan 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys488, Article Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 24. The structure of the nucleon from deep inelastic lepton scattering and the nature of the strong interaction T. Sloan SUMMARY: Results from deep inelastic neutrino and muon scattering experiments over a wide kinematic range provide quantitative evidence that the proton and neutron are composed of fractionally charged qua CONTEXT: Results from deep inelastic neutrino and muon scattering experiments over a wide kinematic range provide quantitative evidence that the proton and neutron are composed of fractionally charged quarks bound together by gluons. These and... Nature 323, 405 - 410 (02 Oct 1986), doi: 10.1038/323405a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 25. Particle physicsTwo is the magic number Ken Peach SUMMARY: In quantum theory, the magnetic moment of the muon should be twice the value calculated classically, although in fact their ratio is not exactly two. Theory and experiment disagree on quite how f CONTEXT: ...moment of the muon. Its latest value, reported by G. W. Bennett and colleagues, does not match the theoretical prediction as well as might be expected — and might be a hint of something as yet unknown. The muon is, as far as we know,... Nature 427, 688 - 689 (19 Feb 2004), doi: , News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 26. On the Possible Existence of Heavy Leptons C. A. RAMM SUMMARY: Muon?pion invariant mass distributions (M??) observed in neutrino interactions and in the decays of the K0L are compatible with the possible existence of a neutral lepton with a CONTEXT: Muon–pion invariant mass distributions (Mµp) observed in neutrino interactions and in the decays of the K0L are compatible with the possible existence of a neutral lepton with a mass in the range 0.422 < Mµp < 0.437 GeV. IN neutrino... Nature 227, 1323 - 1327 (26 Sep 1970), doi: 10.1038/2271323a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 27. Time-reversal symmetry-breaking superconductivity in Sr2RuO4 G. M. Luke, Y. Fudamoto, K. M. Kojima, M. I. Larkin, J. Merrin, B. Nachumi, Y. J. Uemura, Y. Maeno, Z. Q. Mao, Y. Mori, H. Nakamura, M. Sigrist SUMMARY: Although the properties of most superconducting materials are well described by the theory of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS), considerable effort has been devoted to the search for exotic s CONTEXT: ...superconducting phases (as seen in UPt3 and analogous behaviour in superfluid 3He; refs 3–5). Here we report muon spin-relaxation measurements on the superconductor Sr2RuO4 that reveal the spontaneous appearance of an internal... Nature 394, 558 - 561 (06 Aug 1998), doi: 10.1038/29038, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 28. Observation of high-energy neutrinos using ?erenkov detectors embedded deep in Antarctic ice E. Andrés, P. Askebjer, X. Bai, G. Barouch, S. W. Barwick, R. C. Bay, K.-H. Becker, L. Bergström, D. Bertrand, D. Bierenbaum, A. Biron, J. Booth, O. Botner, A. Bouchta, M. M. Boyce, S. Carius, A. Chen, D. Chirkin, J. Conrad, J. Cooley, C. G. S. Costa, D. F. Cowen, J. Dailing, E. Dalberg, T. DeYoung, P. Desiati, J.-P. Dewulf, P. Doksus, J. Edsjö, P. Ekström, B. Erlandsson, T. Feser, M. Gaug, A. Goldschmidt, A. Goobar, L. Gray, H. Haase, A. Hallgren, F. Halzen, K. Hanson, R. Hardtke, Y. D. He, M. Hellwig, H. Heukenkamp, G. C. Hill, P. O. Hulth, S. Hundertmark, J. Jacobsen, V. Kandhadai, A. Karle, J. Kim, B. Koci, L. Köpke, M. Kowalski, H. Leich, M. Leuthold, P. Lindahl, I. Liubarsky, P. Loaiza, D. M. Lowder, J. Ludvig, J. Madsen, P. Marciniewski, H. S. Matis, A. Mihalyi, T. Mikolajski, T. C. Miller, Y. Minaeva, P. Mio?inovi?, P. C. Mock, R. Morse, T. Neunhöffer, F. M. Newcomer, P. Niessen, D. R. Nygren, H. Ögelman, C. Pérez de los Heros, R. Porrata, P. B. Price, K. Rawlins, C. Reed, W. Rhode, A. Richards, S. Richter, J. Rodríguez Martino, P. Romenesko, D. Ross, H. Rubinstein, H.-G. Sander, T. Scheider, T. Schmidt, D. Schneider, E. Schneider, R. Schwarz, A. Silvestri, M. Solarz, G. M. Spiczak, C. Spiering, N. Starinsky, D. Steele, P. Steffen, R. G. Stokstad, O. Streicher, Q. Sun, I. Taboada, L. Thollander, T. Thon, S. Tilav, N. Usechak, M. Vander Donckt, C. Walck, C. Weinheimer, C. H. Wiebusch, R. Wischnewski, H. Wissing, K. Woschnagg, W. Wu, G. Yodh, S. Young SUMMARY: Neutrinos are elementary particles that carry no electric charge and have little mass. As they interact only weakly with other particles, they can penetrate enormous amounts of matter, and theref CONTEXT: ...water or ice. Here we report the detection of upwardly propagating atmospheric neutrinos by the ice-based Antarctic muon and neutrino detector array (AMANDA). These results establish a technology with which to build a kilometre-scale... Nature 410, 441 - 443 (22 Mar 2001), doi: 10.1038/35068509, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 29. Cosmic Ray Isotropy and the Origin Problem R. SPELLER, T. THAMBYAHPILLAI, H. ELLIOT SUMMARY: A study of the cosmic ray muon intensity underground in London has revealed small sidereal variations which can be explained in terms of solar motion. CONTEXT: A study of the cosmic ray muon intensity underground in London has revealed small sidereal variations which can be explained in terms of solar motion. NO firm conclusion has been reached as to how much of the cosmic ray flux at the Earth... Nature 235, 25 - 29 (07 Jan 1972), doi: 10.1038/235025a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 30. Green light for neutrino beam to pass below the Alps Alison Abbott SUMMARY: [GENEVA] A major project to send a beam of muon neutrinos across the Alps to the Gran Sasso laboratories near Rome has been given the green light by the council of CERN, the European Laboratory f CONTEXT: Geneva A major project to send a beam of muon neutrinos from Geneva under the Alps to the Gran Sasso laboratories near Rome was approved last week by the council of CERN, the Geneva-based European Laboratory for Particle Physics. Italy's... Nature 402, 847 - 847 (23 Dec 1999), doi: 10.1038/47164, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 31. Elementary Particles: Muon Ranges Differ Nature 240, 325 - 326 (08 Dec 1972), doi: 10.1038/240325a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 32. Setbacks don't dampen the energy of US physics Andrew M. Sessler CONTEXT: ...it can be staged. It would also go a long way towards demonstrating the technologies needed for a possible future muon collider. As we are still improving the design, it is premature to say if it will ultimately cost more or less... Nature 405, 733 - 733 (15 Jun 2000), doi: 10.1038/35015789, Correspondence Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 33. Cosmic Rays in Gold Mines A. W. WOLFENDALE SUMMARY: Four experiments have been set up underground to detect neutrinos. The results will be relevant to the search for the intermediate boson and the understanding of reactions in the solar core. CONTEXT: ...strong interaction field, pions have a considerable affinity for nuclear matter gives rise to a muon and a muon neutrino. Although the muon itself is unstable, with mean lifetime at rest of 2.2 106 s, it differs radically from the... Nature 219, 1215 - 1217 (21 Sep 1968), doi: 10.1038/2191215a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 34. The multi-disciplinary role of ?pion factories? J. D. Davies, C. J. Batty, K. Green SUMMARY: The multi-disciplinary role of intermediate energy proton accelerators in pure and applied nuclear physics is discussed with particular reference to the experimental programmes at LAMPF (Los Alam CONTEXT: ...depend on the geometry of the beam concerned and in particular muon beams, which arise from pion decay, are very dependent on the exact layout. The highest intensity muon beam is at SIN * where a superconducting solenoid system... Nature 270, 667 - 671 (22 Dec 1977), doi: 10.1038/270667a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 35. The cold fusion family James S. Cohen, John D. Davies CONTEXT: ...the two reports conflict greatly in detail. Cold fusion is a known process, but not as described in the new work. A muon á[euro]" a heavy analogue of the electron á[euro]" substituted for an electron in a deuterium molecule can cause... Nature 338, 705 - 707 (27 Apr 1989), doi: 10.1038/338705a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 36. Detector challenges at the LHC Steinar Stapnes SUMMARY: The best way to study the existence of the Higgs boson, supersymmetry and grand unified theories, and perhaps the physics of dark matter and dark energy, is at the TeV scale. This is the energy s CONTEXT: ...of heavy-ion collisions (see page 302). This review focuses on the challenges — related to tracking, calorimetry, muon detection, triggering and data acquisition — faced by the designers and builders of the general-purpose detectors... Nature 448, 290 - 296 (18 Jul 2007), doi: 10.1038/nature06078, Insight Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 37. Negative Muons and the Isotopic Composition of the Rare Gases in the Earth's Atmosphere P. M. JEFFERY, P. J. HAGAN CONTEXT: ...the form negative muon + target nuclide (A,Z)?rare gas nuclide (A,Z - 1)?rare gas nuclide (A - x, Z- 1) + x neutrons + neutrino where x is the neutron multiplicity of the target nuclide. A detailed discussion of this muon capture... Nature 223, 1253 - 1253 (20 Sep 1969), doi: 10.1038/2231253a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 38. Making muonium in vacuum C. J. Batty, G. Marshall CONTEXT: MUONIUM is the name given to the simple atomic state consisting of a positively charged muon and an electron. For atomic and chemical purposes it is aptly described as a light isotope of hydrogen with only about one-ninth the hydrogen... Nature 295, 457 - 457 (11 Feb 1982), doi: 10.1038/295457a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 39. Muonium hyperfine structure Peter Knight CONTEXT: THE muon is a curious particle. It behaves in all respects like a heavy electron, yet there seems to be no explanation of the large ratio of the muon mass to the electron mass. The atom muonium, consisting of a positive muon and an... Nature 267, 582 - 582 (16 Jun 1977), doi: 10.1038/267582a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 40. Observation of muons using the polar ice cap as a Cerenkov detector D. M. Lowder, T. Miller, P. B. Price, A. Westphal, S. W. Barwick, F. Halzen, R. Morse CONTEXT: ...as the medium, by the observation of Cerenkov radiation from secondary muons. We have begun the AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array) project to test this idea, and here we describe a pilot experiment using... Nature 353, 331 - 333 (26 Sep 1991), doi: 10.1038/353331a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 41. The new frontier of particle physics John Mulvey SUMMARY: Quarks and leptons have emerged as elementary constituents of matter. To these may perhaps be added the field particles, or mediating agents, of a unified theory of the weak and electromagnetic f CONTEXT: ...neutrinos, with zero electric charge, are influenced only by the weak force. Since its discovery 40 years ago, the muon has remained one of the great enigmas of particle physics; it differs from the electron only in mass, has equal... Nature 278, 403 - 409 (29 Mar 1979), doi: 10.1038/278403a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 42. Phase separation in superoxygenated La2-xSrxCuO4+y Hashini E. Mohottala, Barrett O. Wells, Joseph I. Budnick, William A. Hines, Christof Niedermayer, Linda Udby, Christian Bernhard, Arnold R. Moodenbaugh, Fang-Cheng Chou SUMMARY: The complex interplay between superconducting and magnetic phases remains poorly understood. Here, we report on the phase separation of doped holes into separate magnetic CONTEXT: ...of the holes themselves or the specific chemistry of oxygen in this structure. The data are primarily from muon-spin-rotation (SR) and magnetization studies of Sr and O co-doped samples of La2-xSrxCuO4+y, with supporting evidence... Nature Materials 5, 377 - 382 (01 May 2006), doi: 10.1038/nmat1633, Article Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 43. Absence of magnetic order in (Ba, K)BiO3 Y. J. Uemura, B. J. Sternlieb, D. E. Cox, J. H. Brewer, R. Kadono, J. R. Kempton, R. F. Kiefl, S. R. Kreitzman, G. M. Luke, P. Mulhern, T. Riseman, D. L. Williams, W. J. Kossler, X. H. Yu, C. E. Stronach, M. A. Subramanian, J. Gopalakrishnan, A. W. Sleight CONTEXT: ...To explore the possible effects of magnetism in the (Ba, K)BiO3 system and its related compounds, we have performed muon spin rotation (µSR) experiments on BaBiO3, (Ba, K)BiO3 and Ba(Bi0.9Pb0.1)O3, the latter being a member of... Nature 335, 151 - 152 (08 Sep 1988), doi: 10.1038/335151a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 44. Studies of static magnetic order in electron-superconductors and their parent compounds G. M. Luke, B. J. Sternlieb, Y. J. Uemura, J. H. Brewer, R. Kadono, R. F. Kiefl, S. R. Kreitzman, T. M. Riseman, J. Gopalakrishnan, A. W. Sleight, M. A. Subramanian, S. Uchida, H. Takagi, Y. Tokura CONTEXT: ...Superconductivity is achieved by doping Ce4+ for Ln3+ and making the samples oxygen-deficient. Here we show, using muon spin rotation, that the parent compounds Ln2CuO4–y of these electron-superconductors exhibit static magnetic... Nature 338, 49 - 51 (02 Mar 1989), doi: 10.1038/338049a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 45. On the trail of the neutrino Dan Falk SUMMARY: Huge arrays of detectors now have these ghostly particles in their sights ? but will what they see lead physicists to rethink the standard model? Dan Falk investigates. CONTEXT: ...types or 'flavours': electron, muon and tau neutrinos. The names derive from links within the model between the neutrinos and other particles — the familiar electron and its rarer, heavier cousins the muon and tau particles. The last... Nature 411, 10 - 12 (03 May 2001), doi: 10.1038/35075157, news feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 46. The Twin Paradox revisited Tom Wilkie CONTEXT: THE muon may be a curious particle, but the study of its properties is a fruitful one (see Nature 267, 582; 1977). The accurate determination of the muon lifetime, reported in this issue (page 301), has also provided a stringent check on... Nature 268, 295 - 296 (28 Jul 1977), doi: 10.1038/268295a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 47. Too many electron neutrinos? D. J. Miller CONTEXT: ...beam has shown that the ratio of the number of neutrino-induced events producing an electron to those producing a muon was seven times greater than expected from contemporary theories. The normal neutrino beam at CERN is derived from... Nature 272, 205 - 205 (16 Mar 1978), doi: 10.1038/272205a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 48. Hans Bethe on solar neutrinos John Maddox SUMMARY: Whatever can account for the much smaller flux of neutrinos from the Sun than the theorists predict? Now, at last, there may be an answer. CONTEXT: ...of muons are different, and called muon neutrinos. Indeed, the interaction of a neutrino with a nucleus of chlorine-37 is the inverse of the radioactive decay of argon-37, which explains why muon neutrinos are not detected in Davis's... Nature 320, 677 - 677 (24 Apr 1986), doi: 10.1038/320677a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 49. Snapshooting surface radicals Martyn C. R. Symons CONTEXT: ...a monolayer of benzene (SiO2-C6H6) - and studying its chemical effects by detecting the positrons that are formed by muon decay about 2 x 10 6 s after the exposure. The radical detected was the muonated cyclo-hexadienyl radical - as... Nature 345, 289 - 290 (24 May 1990), doi: 10.1038/345289a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 50. Particle physics Neutrino deficit challenges conservation laws Frank Wilczek SUMMARY: New observations of neutrinos threaten cherished conservation laws, and call into question the completeness of the Standard Model of particle physics, which describes the fundamental properties a CONTEXT: ...for fundamental physics(E. Kearns, Boston Univ.). The anomaly is in the relative number of electron-type and muon-type neutrinos found in cosmic rays. The observation greatly strengthens earlier hints in the same direction. It... Nature 391, 123 - 124 (08 Jan 1998), doi: 10.1038/34289, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 51. Particle physicsWobbly oscillations David Wark SUMMARY: Neutrinos seem to oscillate: they change back and forth between one type and another and, by extension, have a tiny mass. But one experiment that predicted a particularly large mass looks to have CONTEXT: ...the decay of positively charged pions into positive muons and muon neutrinos, and the subsequent decay of these positive muons to positrons (positively charged electrons), muon antineutrinos and electron neutrinos (Fig. 1a). What the... Nature 447, 43 - 46 (02 May 2007), doi: 10.1038/447043a, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 52. Cosmic Rays: More about Muons A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...readily explainable by accepted theories. Among these phenomena are the angular distribution of muon-poor air showers, the high energy muon spectrum derived from the burst size spectrum and the angular distribution of energetic muons... Nature 240, 258 - 258 (01 Dec 1972), doi: 10.1038/240258a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 53. Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers H. Falcke, W. D. Apel, A. F. Badea, L. Bähren, K. Bekk, A. Bercuci, M. Bertaina, P. L. Biermann, J. Blümer, H. Bozdog, I. M. Brancus, S. Buitink, M. Brüggemann, P. Buchholz, H. Butcher, A. Chiavassa, K. Daumiller, A. G. de Bruyn, C. M. de Vos, F. Di Pierro, P. Doll, R. Engel, H. Gemmeke, P. L. Ghia, R. Glasstetter, C. Grupen, A. Haungs, D. Heck, J. R. Hörandel, A. Horneffer, T. Huege, K.-H. Kampert, G. W. Kant, U. Klein, Y. Kolotaev, Y. Koopman, O. Krömer, J. Kuijpers, S. Lafebre, G. Maier, H. J. Mathes, H. J. Mayer, J. Milke, B. Mitrica, C. Morello, G. Navarra, S. Nehls, A. Nigl, R. Obenland, J. Oehlschläger, S. Ostapchenko, S. Over, H. J. Pepping, M. Petcu, J. Petrovic, S. Plewnia, H. Rebel, A. Risse, M. Roth, H. Schieler, G. Schoonderbeek, O. Sima, M. Stümpert, G. Toma, G. C. Trinchero, H. Ulrich, S. Valchierotti, J. van Buren, W. van Cappellen, W. Walkowiak, A. Weindl, S. Wijnholds, J. Wochele, J. Zabierowski, J. A. Zensus, D. Zimmermann SUMMARY: The nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) at energies >1020 eV remains a mystery. They are likely to be of extragalactic origin, but should be absorbed within ?50|[thinsp CONTEXT: ...within 70 m of the centre of LOPES, a zenith angle <45°, and a reconstructed ‘truncated muon number’ of Nµ > 105.6 ˜ 4 × 105. The truncated muon number is the reconstructed number of muons within 40–200 m of the shower core. For... Nature 435, 313 - 316 (19 May 2005), doi: 10.1038/nature03614, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 54. Neutrinos make a splash in Italy Nicola Nosengo SUMMARY: Long-awaited experiment comes online. CONTEXT: ...films and lead plates that will stop a handful of them. Neutrinos are known to exist in three types, or 'flavours': muon, tau and electron. Since the late 1960s, researchers studying neutrinos reaching Earth from space have noticed... Nature 443, 126 - 126 (13 Sep 2006), doi: 10.1038/443126a, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 55. Instrumentation: Development of High Energy Neutrino Experiments at CERN C. A. RAMM SUMMARY: Equipment at present under construction and the new developments foreseen will increase neutrino event rates by large factors. Neutrino experiments will become a major field of high energy physic CONTEXT: ...bubble chamber, (2) is an event in a carbon plate in the spark chamber installation and (3) is an event in which the muon produced in a part of the shielding traverses the bubble chamber, where its sign and momentum can be... Nature 217, 913 - 918 (09 Mar 1968), doi: 10.1038/217913a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 56. Mass Composition of Primary Cosmic Rays at Energies above 108 GeV K. J. ORFORD, K. E. TURVER SUMMARY: Measurement of high momentum muons far from the core of a cosmic ray shower is a basis for estimating the mass of the primary particle. CONTEXT: ...The feature of showers which is most likely to reflect directly the mass of the primary particle is the high energy muon component. In particular, those high energy muons in an EAS recorded far from the core may be expected to... Nature 219, 706 - 708 (17 Aug 1968), doi: 10.1038/219706a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 57. The commonplace and unexpected from high energy physicists David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...events without fast muons. Their ratio for muonless neutrino events (neutral-current mode) to events with a muon (charger-current mode) is 0.22 to 1. With an antineutrino beam the equivalent ratio is 0.33 to 1. Although their... Nature 250, 186 - 186 (19 Jul 1974), doi: 10.1038/250186a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 58. Search for selectivity between optical isomers in reactions of polarised positive muons with alanines and octanols R. M. LEMMON, K. M. CROWE, F. N. GYGAX, R. F. JOHNSON, B. D. PATTERSON, J. H. BREWER, D. G. FLEMING CONTEXT: ...questioned as an explanation for the origin of optical asymmetry in biological molecules1. Table 1 Residual muon polarisation in various media Target Distilled water 0.67 M racemic alanine in water Solid L-alanine Solid o-alanine... Nature 252, 692 - 694 (20 Dec 1974), doi: 10.1038/252692a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 59. Basic and applied research at the TRIUMF meson factory M. K. Craddock, K. L. Erdman, J. T. Sample SUMMARY: The TRIUMF 520 MeV H? cyclotron produces intense beams of protons, pions and muons supporting basic research in nuclear, particle and solid-state physics, nuclear chemistry and biomedicin CONTEXT: ...pions and muons An experiment of considerable topical interest this year has been a search on the M9 channel for muon decays by the process /x+ -" e+ +y. In 1964 the branching ratio for such decays, which lack the neutrinos appearing... Nature 270, 671 - 676 (22 Dec 1977), doi: 10.1038/270671a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 60. Weak interactions Mary K. Gaillard SUMMARY: Recent progress in weak interaction physics is reviewed. The status of the field and its prospects for the future are summarised. CONTEXT: ...nuclear -decay and the decays of long lived elementary particles (muon, pion and the so-called strange particles) as well as neutrino-induced reactions and muon capture by nuclei. All these processes could be attributed to a simple... Nature 279, 585 - 589 (14 Jun 1979), doi: 10.1038/279585a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 61. Theoretical physics: Radiative corrections in electroweak theory Norman Dombey CONTEXT: ...so on - as precisely as the basic parameters of the theory allow. This is the case in QED where, for example, the muon magnetic moment has been determined up to order (a/p)3 where a 1/137 - the fine structure constant as determined... Nature 305, 180 - 181 (15 Sep 1983), doi: 10.1038/305180a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 62. More on cold fusion LALI CHATTERJEE CONTEXT: ...electrochemical cells placed in muon beams5 6, the flux from the control experiment has not been measured. Any cold-fusion neutrons of amuonic origin would remain unaffected by the muon beam. These muon experiments therefore... Nature 342, 232 - 232 (16 Nov 1989), doi: 10.1038/342232c0, Scientific Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 63. Particle physics after a year of LEP David J. Miller SUMMARY: The Z° boson has changed in the last year from being an exotic rarity to being the tool for a wide range of research. CERN's large electron-positron collider, LEP, produces enough Z° CONTEXT: ...protons, neutrons and mesons, which feel the strong nuclear force. Leptons are the free fermions: the electron, the muon and the tau, all with one unit of charge; and the neutrinos, which are uncharged. The model is a synthesis of... Nature 349, 379 - 387 (31 Jan 1991), doi: 10.1038/349379a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 64. Magnetic-field penetration depth in TI2Ba2CuO6+? in the overdoped regime Y. J. Uemura, A. Keren, L. P. Le, G. M. Luke, W. D. Wu, Y. Kubo, T. Manako, Y. Shimakawa, M. Subramanian, J. L. Cobb, J. T. Markert CONTEXT: ...?-2 ? ns/m* in the limit where the coherence length ? is much shorter than the mean free path l (the 'clean limit'). Muon spin relaxation (µSR) measurements1,2 of ? in high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) copper oxide... Nature 364, 605 - 607 (12 Aug 1993), doi: 10.1038/364605a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 65. Electrons, Muons and QED A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...but who will undertake the painstaking effort involved? An even better test of the theory is offered by the muon, which behaves exactly like an electron although it is 206.768 times heavier. It also has a gyromagnetic ratio of 2 plus... Nature 241, 239 - 240 (26 Jan 1973), doi: 10.1038/241239a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 66. Neutrino weight watching A. De Rújula, S.L. Glashow CONTEXT: ...Reines showed that antineutrinos emitted by a nuclear reactor produce positrons in a remote detector(v+p->e++n) The muon () is a charged particle much like the electron, but heavier. It is produced together with a neutrino in the... Nature 286, 755 - 756 (21 Aug 1980), doi: 10.1038/286755a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 67. Molecular effects in pion capture in complex materials Daphne F. Jackson, C. A. Lewis, K. O'Leary, G. K. Y. Lam SUMMARY: Intensities of X rays from pionic atoms in various materials determine the pion capture ratio in carbon and oxygen. A molecular model with transfer from hydrogen has the features necessary to fit CONTEXT: ...the stopping signal in the counter telescope and a pion time-of-flight signal to reduce false triggers due to muon or electron contamination or scattered events. X-ray photons emitted from the target were detected using a carefully... Nature 295, 557 - 560 (18 Feb 1982), doi: 10.1038/295557a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 68. Constraints on cosmic-ray observation of Cygnus X-3 M. V. Barnhill, T. K. Gaisser, Todor Stanev, Francis Halzen CONTEXT: ...Using an Elbert formula19 for underground muon yield from incident nuclei20, we find a bound on the underground signal from Cyg X-3 of 1.3 x 106 (£Gev) 2 cm"2 s"1, where EGeV is the minimum muon energy for the underground detector.... Nature 317, 409 - 411 (03 Oct 1985), doi: 10.1038/317409a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 69. Laser-induced fission J. E. Lynn CONTEXT: ...electron energies for this form of fission are ~ 10 MeV or more. Muon-induced fission is a mechanism of particular interest. What chiefly distinguishes the muon from the electron is its mass (it is about 200 times heavier than the... Nature 333, 116 - 116 (12 May 1988), doi: 10.1038/333116a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 70. Cold fusion: what's going on? A. J. MCCEVOY, C. T. D. O'SULLIVAN CONTEXT: SIRá[euro]"The only recognized mechanism for nuclear fusion at ambient temperature is that induced by negative muon binding of precursor hydrogen isotope molecules as first described by Frank1 with estimates of fusion rates by Sakharov2... Nature 338, 711 - 712 (27 Apr 1989), doi: 10.1038/338711c0, Scientific Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 71. Gamma rays and energetic particles from primordial black holes F. Halzen, E. Zas, J. H. MacGibbon, T. C. Weekes SUMMARY: Black holes of almost arbitrarily small mass may have formed in the very early Universe. Their presence today would be revealed by the energetic radiation they would produce by means of the quant CONTEXT: ...is to measure the electromagnetic and muon component simultaneously in a single shower. The muon detector can be a GeV-muon detector at or near the surface, or a deep underground TeV-muon detector triggered by the air-shower array.... Nature 353, 807 - 815 (31 Oct 1991), doi: 10.1038/353807a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 72. Birth of a new frontier David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...has been tested as rigorously in muon (fi-meson) and pion (jt-meson) decays as it has in neutrino scattering or Z° and W* particle physics. There are classic papers on the mean lifetime of the positive muon (the baseline for all fits... Nature 356, 756 - 756 (30 Apr 1992), doi: 10.1038/356756a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 73. Progress and prospects in neutrino astrophysics John N. Bahcall, Kenneth Lande, Robert E. Lanou, John G. Learned, R. G. Hamish Robertson, Lincoln Wolfenstein SUMMARY: Four separate experiments to detect neutrinos from the Sun have now confirmed a deficit in the flux relative to the predictions of standard theories of nuclear physi CONTEXT: ...(oscillate) from one type to another 15~18. (There are believed to be three types of neutrinos: electron-type (ve), muon-type (VM) and i-type (VT).) Only electron neutrinos are created in the Sun, but all types are believed to be... Nature 375, 29 - 34 (04 May 1995), doi: 10.1038/375029a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 74. Cosmic Rays: Conference at Durham A. W. WOLFENDALE CONTEXT: ...in the height of the first primary proton interaction. For this reason attention is now being turned to the muon component for which the fluctuations are smaller, although difficulty is encountered due to the particle densities being... Nature 182, 1281 - 1283 (08 Nov 1958), doi: 10.1038/1821281a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 75. Evidence of Charged Heavy Leptons CONTEXT: ...with anything approaching a satisfactory explanation of the existence of the muon and the electron although many attempts have been made to prove that the muon is something more than just a heavy version of the electron. It may,... Nature 230, 354 - 354 (09 Apr 1971), doi: 10.1038/230354c0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 76. Can partons be saved? David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...predicted for it by the well established theory of quantum-electrodynamics. Elastic scattering, the production of muon pairs and the production of photon pairs all behaved exactly according to theory. The surprise came in the rate of... Nature 250, 377 - 378 (02 Aug 1974), doi: 10.1038/250377b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 77. More muonless neutrino events A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...bubble chamber Gargamelle, at CERN Geneva, reported that they had observed neutrino interactions without outgoing muon tracks (Phys. Lett., 46B, 138; 1973; see also Nature 245, 119; 1973). The simplest explanation for these events is... Nature 249, 211 - 211 (17 May 1974), doi: 10.1038/249211b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 78. Measuring the effects of ghosts W. T. Toner CONTEXT: ...process it calculates. A few of the infinite set which describe the effects of an external field on an electron (or muon) are shown in the figure, where the observable objects are the external field (X) and the particle as it enters... Nature 255, 521 - 522 (12 Jun 1975), doi: 10.1038/255521a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 79. Unified gauge theories of elementary particles E. Leader, P. G. Williams SUMMARY: Recent theories which unite weak and electromagnetic interactions provide new hope for a unified theory of fields and their interactions. Experimental developments such as the discovery of neutra CONTEXT: ...n+ 71 Kaons K+ Strange particles K Lambda A Antilambda Electron e Postrion Muon |i Antimuon Electron Electron Neutrino ve Antineutrino Muon Neutrino vu Muon Antineutrino P h n 71 K A Ve To summarise: the quantum electrodynamics of... Nature 257, 93 - 99 (11 Sep 1975), doi: 10.1038/257093a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 80. A massive particle conference Frank Close CONTEXT: ...we know now that three such pairs (or "generations") exist (News and Views 271, 406; 1978): electron and neutrino; muon and a second neutrino; t and a third neutrino. The existence of the third pair has been firmly established only... Nature 275, 267 - 268 (28 Sep 1978), doi: 10.1038/275267a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 81. A new interaction for leptons? F. E. Close CONTEXT: ...for unifying the weak and electromagnetic interactions. An experimental study was made of the elastic scattering of muon neutrinos on atomic electrons. Twelve events were found where only two had been expected according to the model.... Nature 273, 706 - 708 (29 Jun 1978), doi: 10.1038/273706b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 82. Orthodoxy restored in neutrino physics? David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...SPS in Geneva had reported an unexpectedly high number of candidates for the weak neutral current process in which a muon-neutrino scatters from an atomic electron (see News and Views 273, 98; 1978; 273, 706; 1978). The number of... Nature 274, 531 - 533 (10 Aug 1978), doi: 10.1038/274531a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 83. Antineutrino astronomy and geophysics Lawrence M. Krauss, Sheldon L. Glashow, David N. Schramm SUMMARY: Radioactive decays inside the Earth produce antineutrinos that may be detectable at the surface. Their flux and spectrum contain important geophysical information. New detectors need to be develo CONTEXT: ...second through an inverse -decay type process involving muon capture. We believe the second background is more problematic than the first. Deep underground, average surviving muon energies will be of the order of -300 GeV (rf. 20).... Nature 310, 191 - 198 (19 Jul 1984), doi: 10.1038/310191a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 84. Particle physics: Naked beauty seen at last David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...from that primary interaction vertex, the B travels about half a millimetre in the emulsion before it decays to a muon (JLL). Just over half a millimetre from the B decay-vertex there is a 'four-prong' vertex that is taken to be the... Nature 316, 681 - 682 (22 Aug 1985), doi: 10.1038/316681b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 85. Observation of terrestrial orbital motion using the cosmic-ray Compton?Getting effect D. J. Cutler, D. E. Groom CONTEXT: Using underground observations, we have found a small diurnal amplitude modulation of the cosmic-ray muon intensity which agrees in amplitude and phase with a first-order relativistic effect due to the Earth's motion, as discussed by... Nature 322, 434 - 436 (31 Jul 1986), doi: 10.1038/322434a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 86. First simultaneous detection of PeV energy burst from the Crab Nebula B. S. Acharya, M. V. S. Rao, K. Sivaprasad, B. V. Sreekantan, P. R. Vishwanath CONTEXT: ...127 1-m2 plastic scintillation detectors, 61 of which are equipped for nanosecond timing measurements, and 7 28.8-m2 muon detectors (>1 GeV), covering an effective area of 4.3 x 104m2. The trigger rate is ~1 Hz. A stable 5-MHz... Nature 347, 364 - 365 (27 Sep 1990), doi: 10.1038/347364a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 87. Particle physics: Where is the nucleon spin? Erwin Gabathuler SUMMARY: It's a twenty-year-old question: how much do the constituent quarks and gluons contribute to the spin of a nucleon? New results from the COMPASS experiment CONTEXT: ...has been a major topic of study since 1988, when the discrepancy between theory and results from the European Muon Collaboration (EMC) on the scattering of muons from polarized protons caused the 'proton spin crisis'. The state of... Nature Physics 2, 303 - 304 (01 May 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys302, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 88. Mean Life and Mass of Elementary Particles SAMUEL C. HORNING CONTEXT: THE weak interaction constant G may determine the mean life of some elementary particles. If the muon mean life of 2.212 × 10-6 sec is equated to (1/2 pa) (?e3h/G) then G equals 1.48 × 10-49 erg cm3 (a is the fine structure constant and... Nature 197, 1091 - 1092 (16 Mar 1963), doi: 10.1038/1971091b0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 89. Anti-matter Content of the Tunguska Meteor ROBERT V. GENTRY CONTEXT: ...(TT;+->[i+ + v). The neutrinos, of course, contribute essentially no energy whatsoever to the thermal yield. The muon contribution depends on the average energy at which the pions decay. Using pion range-energy curves3 a value of -... Nature 211, 1071 - 1072 (03 Sep 1966), doi: 10.1038/2111071a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 90. Cosmic Rays: Hobart Conference A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...of cosmic-ray muon intensity with zenith angle, 6, in the TeV range, showed no "sec 0" enhancement as predicted by theories involving pion parentage. It was suggested that this could be explained in terms of muon parents of very... Nature 233, 304 - 304 (01 Oct 1971), doi: 10.1038/233304a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 91. The tau heavy lepton?a recently discovered elementary particle Martin L. Perl SUMMARY: This review recounts the history of the discovery of the tau heavy lepton. Evidence for the tau being a lepton is summarised and the known properties of the tau are discussed. CONTEXT: ...tpirov. It signifies that the t is the third charged lepton to be found, the first two being the electron and the muon.) Elementary particles are the simplest forms of matter and through studying them we hope to understand the... Nature 275, 273 - 278 (28 Sep 1978), doi: 10.1038/275273a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 92. Elementary particles?a rich harvest David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...from L. Lederman, whose Columbia Fermilab group have now not only confirmed the T (upsilon) bump which they see in muon pairs from proton-proton collisions, but have shown that it is composed of at least two clear resonances, one... Nature 269, 286 - 288 (22 Sep 1977), doi: 10.1038/269286a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 93. Neutrino stability and cosmological helium production R. J. TAYLER CONTEXT: THERE is at least one lepton in addition to the electron and muon and this might have an associated neutrino. If such a neutrino is stable, its existence implies that the amount of helium produced in the early stages of the expanding... Nature 274, 232 - 234 (20 Jul 1978), doi: 10.1038/274232a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 94. Gluon fusion V. Barger CONTEXT: ...calculations of strong forces using the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Recent data from experiments with muon beams at CERN1 and Fermilab2 give evidence for copious production of charm and anticharm, which can be compared... Nature 287, 582 - 582 (16 Oct 1980), doi: 10.1038/287582a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 95. Photinos from cosmic sources V. J. Stenger CONTEXT: ...so we must rely on prompt production, that is, the production and semi-leptonic decay of heavy quarks. Prompt muon production in pp interactions occurs at about the 104 level at accelerator energies and is possibly as high as 103 in... Nature 317, 411 - 413 (03 Oct 1985), doi: 10.1038/317411a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 96. High-energy astrophysics: Is Cygnus X-3 a source of gamma rays or of new particles? Alan Watson CONTEXT: ...muon content was about 80 per cent rather than about 10 per cent of that in Off-source' events: were the primaries really gam¯na rays? This difficulty was recognized but tended to be dismissed because the Kiel detector could not... Nature 315, 454 - 455 (06 Jun 1985), doi: 10.1038/315454b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 97. More missing neutrinos A.W. Wolfendale CONTEXT: ...as a bonafide particle. It was discovered later that there are other neutrinos too - most importantly here, the muon neutrino, generated in the decay of pions: p+?µ/+ + vµ. The corresponding inverse reaction creates muons: vµ + n ? p... Nature 334, 382 - 383 (04 Aug 1988), doi: 10.1038/334382b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 98. Geochemical integrations of the neutrino flux from stellar collapses W. C. Haxton, Calvin W. Johnson SUMMARY: The galactic neutrino flux from stellar collapses may be measurable in geochemical experiments. Absorption cross-sections can be maximized and backgrounds from solar neutrinos and terrestrial ant CONTEXT: ...Because of their charged-current reactions, the average energies of the ves and ves are lower than those of the muon and taon neutrinos. The predictions of Wilson et a\? are shown in Table 1 for the collapse of a 25 M© star. The... Nature 333, 325 - 329 (26 May 1988), doi: 10.1038/333325a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 99. Observation of cold nuclear fusion in condensed matter S. E. Jones, E. P. Palmer, J. B. Czirr, D. L. Decker, G. L. Jensen, J. M. Thorne, S. F. Taylor, J. Rafelski SUMMARY: When a current is passed through palladium or titanium electrodes immersed in an electrolyte of deuterated water and various metal salts, a small but significant flux of neutrons is detected. Fus CONTEXT: ...In muon-catalysed fusion, the internuclear separation is reduced by a factor of á[euro]"200 (the ratio of the muon to electron mass), and the nuclear fusion rate correspondingly increases by about eighty orders of magnitude.... Nature 338, 737 - 740 (27 Apr 1989), doi: 10.1038/338737a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 100. Cold fusion leaves a legacy David Swinbanks CONTEXT: ...UK and Japanese scientists, according to the Japanese leader of the project. The world' s most powerful pulsed muon source, on which construction is scheduled to begin early next year, received funding partly because of the early... Nature 354, 98 - 98 (14 Nov 1991), doi: 10.1038/354098b0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 101. The first elementary particle Steven Weinberg SUMMARY: The electron is 100 years old this year. Of all the elementary particles, it is by far the most familiar, useful and venerable. But is it elementary? And what other particles are elementary? CONTEXT: ...but today this interpretation is obsolete and the positron is regarded as a particle in its own right. The muon (a sort of heavy electron) was added to the list in 1937 (though its nature was not understood until later), and strongly... Nature 386, 213 - 215 (20 Mar 1997), doi: 10.1038/386213a0, Commentary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 102. Fermilab faces up to uncertain future Colin Macilwain SUMMARY: John Peoples will retire next year as director of Fermilab, leaving it in solid shape. But with CERN expected to usurp its position at the forefront of high-energy physics, and doubts about gover CONTEXT: ...Malamud says. The other option is for a muon collider. Recognizing the technical and fiscal constraints on electron and proton colliders, this approach would instead try to make use of the muon, a subatomic particle that decays in... Nature 394, 611 - 611 (13 Aug 1998), doi: 10.1038/29152, News Analysis Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 103. Particle physics The Standard Model transcended Frank Wilczek SUMMARY: Neutrinos have mass. This profound discovery was made using the SuperKamiokande detector in Japan, a huge flooded cavern lined with photomultiplier tubes and designed to detect different sorts of CONTEXT: ...concern the different types of neutrino (electron, muon and tau) produced by cosmic rays in the Earth's atmosphere, and they strengthen earlier indications that there are fewer muon-type neutrinos than expected. In the details of its... Nature 394, 13 - 15 (02 Jul 1998), doi: 10.1038/27758, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 104. Particle physicsPrecision precession Frank Wilczek SUMMARY: The most accurate measurement yet of the way an elementary particle wobbles ? precesses ? in a magnetic field is getting physicists excited. If it is right, we may be on the thres CONTEXT: ...particles (specifically muons) in a magnetic field. Their measurement of the magnetic moment of the positive muon has an uncertainty of just over one part per billion, three times better than the existing value. Moreover, it deviates... Nature 410, 28 - 29 (01 Mar 2001), doi: 10.1038/35065188, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 105. High-Energy Physics: Tenth Rochester Conference E. M. HAFNER CONTEXT: ...and the muon (). (Although once called the -meson because of its intermediate mass, the muon does not conform to the modern definition of a meson.) The neutrino has zero mass, the electron mass is about 0 5 MeV., and the muon mass is... Nature 188, 778 - 781 (03 Dec 1960), doi: 10.1038/188778a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 106. Longitudinal Polarization of the Positrons from the Decay of Unpolarized Positive Muons G. CULLIGAN, S. G. F. FRANK, J. R. HOLT, J. C. KLUYVER, T. MASSAM CONTEXT: ...is taken as being a scalar and tensor mixture, this scheme leads to the prediction that the positrons from positive muon decay should be predominantly 'left-handed', that is, that the spins of the positrons should point in the... Nature 180, 751 - 752 (12 Oct 1957), doi: 10.1038/180751a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 107. Relative Biological Efficiency of Negative ?-Mesons and Cobalt-60 ?-Rays D. R. DAVIES, A. H. SPARROW, R. G. WOODLEY, A. MASCHKE CONTEXT: ...decreasing again. The pattern of mutation production was similar. Eight inflorescences were exposed in air in the muon beam for each of the following periods of time2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 h. Dosimetry was complicated by the fact that the... Nature 200, 277 - 278 (19 Oct 1963), doi: 10.1038/200277a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 108. Tracks in Mica caused by Electron Showers F. M. RUSSELL CONTEXT: ...suggests that the spacing between decorated centres might well be several orders of magnitude greater than for muon tracks, possibly about 1 mm or 103pL. The existence of a restriction on the angle of a track for it to be recorded... Nature 216, 907 - 909 (02 Dec 1967), doi: 10.1038/216907a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 109. Search for Fine Structure in the K013 Final States ALAN R. CLARK, T. ELIOFF, R. C. FIELD, H. J. FRISCH, ROLLAND P. JOHNSON, LEROY T. KERTH, G. SHEH, W. A. WENZEL CONTEXT: ...by counting in the erenkov counter (freon-12 at 1 atm) or as a possible muon by penetrating beyond the second counter in the range box (corresponding to a minimum muon momentum of 550 MeV/c). The spark chamber and counter information... Nature 237, 388 - 390 (16 Jun 1972), doi: 10.1038/237388a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 110. Quark charges and nuclear ?-decay D. H. Wilkinson SUMMARY: The rate of ?-decay is affected by the charges, Q, of the nucleon's constituent quarks. The Salam?Weinberg scheme permits us, in a spirit of adventurous naivety, to conclude that | CONTEXT: ...note. What is of interest is not so much Apva itself as Apva- AM" where AMa is the analogous quantity involved in muon decay. Sirlin10 finds bv-ua=a2 The first term in curly brackets comes from the vector part of the hadronic weak... Nature 257, 189 - 193 (18 Sep 1975), doi: 10.1038/257189a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 111. The directional dependence of the primary cosmic rays of energies 1011 ? 1012 eV R. G. Marsden, H. Elliot, R. J. Hynds, T. Thambyahpillai SUMMARY: The apparent sidereal variation in the intensity of muons generated by cosmic rays with energies greater than 1011 eV showed a marked change in phase at Northern Hemisphere stations at the time o CONTEXT: ...plane of alternate polarity on the trajectories of cosmic rays in the range of magnetic rigidities appropriate to muon detectors at 60 m.w.e. In particular Speller et al.3 showed that the intensity variation over the sidereal day... Nature 260, 491 - 495 (08 Apr 1976), doi: 10.1038/260491a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 112. Cosmic ray composition at high energies A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...of positively charged muons at sea level. Experimentally the cosmic ray sea level muon charge ratio (AI+/M) is a slow function of sea level muon energy, rising from 1.2 at 109 eV to -1.3 at 1012 eV. In recent years a number of... Nature 268, 584 - 585 (18 Aug 1977), doi: 10.1038/268584a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 113. More about the beam dump David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...an electron and no muon in the final state, compared with the rate for muon production, is much too high to be accounted for by the Old fashioned' particles, the pion and the kaon. Such particles prefer to produce muon neutrinos... Nature 272, 668 - 668 (20 Apr 1978), doi: 10.1038/272668a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 114. Publicity for exotic atoms C.J. Batty CONTEXT: ...atom is an atom in which one of the electrons has been re9:36 AM 4d by a negatively charged heavy particle such as a muon (), tt or K-meson, antiproton (?) or by a S-hyperon. It can be formed by stopping a beam of the appropriate... Nature 286, 428 - 428 (24 Jul 1980), doi: 10.1038/286428a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 115. Particle physics: Nearly the ?top? conference David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...forms the ?radiation and the electron's neutral partner, the neutrino. The 'strange' quark, the 'charmed' quark, the muon and its neutrino form the second generation. Particles carrying strangeness or charm eventually decay to normal... Nature 311, 210 - 211 (20 Sep 1984), doi: 10.1038/311210a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 116. Neutrino study ?needs transatlantic effort? Colin Macilwain SUMMARY: washington US particle physicists are trying to persuade their European rivals to join them in a joint effort to study neutrinos. CONTEXT: ...to generate beams of muon neutrinos, which they will send underground, at an angle of inclination of around 5 degrees, towards massive detectors 750 km away. This will establish how many of the muon neutrinos ‘oscillate’ (into tau... Nature 395, 105 - 105 (10 Sep 1998), doi: 10.1038/25803, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 117. Weaklings kick stars Philip Ball SUMMARY: Philip Ball finds out what could be firing neutron stars out of the supernovae that create them. CONTEXT: ...by little their character is being revealed. They are known to come in three 'flavours': the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino and the tau neutrino, which have progressively larger masses. One of the dramatic predictions of... News@Nature (16 Nov 2000), doi: 10.1038/news001116-8, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 118. Optoacoustic imaging, photonics for particle physics, Raman lasing in microdroplets, and more CONTEXT: ...field, on the decay of a muon into an electron, a muonic neutrino and an electronic antineutrino. The findings indicate that strong laser-field amplitudes and low frequencies can strongly influence the muon decay rate. As to why this... Nature Photonics 1, 438 - 439 (01 Aug 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphoton.2007.129, Research Highlights Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 119. The European Organization for Nuclear Research S. WEINTROUB CONTEXT: ...two-pion system using a spark chamber; the determination of the lifetime of the neutral pion, about 2 x 10-16 sec; muon electron scattering; and the search for magnetic monopoles. Long experiments were performed with the help of two... Nature 197, 853 - 854 (02 Mar 1963), doi: 10.1038/197853a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 120. Theory of Universal Primary Interactions E. C. G. SUDARSHAN SUMMARY: This theory originates from observations that the theory of particle interactions becomes much simpler and more capable of correlating apparently unrelated phenomena if it is postulated that elec CONTEXT: ...are of the forna /f-77, ( YA (1 + Ys-+Yo) (9) with possible terms involving the electron covariant or the muon covariant quadrat ically. The hadrons do not couple directly to leptons or to each other. The hadron weak interactions are... Nature 216, 979 - 981 (09 Dec 1967), doi: 10.1038/216979a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 121. Nuclear Physics: Muons under Castle A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...in the shape of the rocky outcrop on which the castle stands. The experiment has been designed to investigate muon photonuclear interactions, which can be observed as the interaction of virtual photons with a nucleon and which are... Nature 222, 1119 - 1120 (21 Jun 1969), doi: 10.1038/2221119a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 122. Evidence for an Anisotropy in the Cosmic Ray Signal D. F. RYAN CONTEXT: ...New York (approximately 45 N, 74 W, and 400 feet above sea level). The data consist of the clock times of muon events in a liquid scintillator and were collected between August 1967 and June 1968, and from December 1968 to June 1969... Nature 227, 1120 - 1121 (12 Sep 1970), doi: 10.1038/2271120a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 123. Neutral Current in Weak Interactions? D. M. CONTEXT: ...a fast charged muon in the final state, along with strongly-interacting pions, protons and neutrons from the breakup of the struck nucleus. The process of changing the incident neutrino into a charged final muon is called a... Nature 245, 119 - 119 (21 Sep 1973), doi: 10.1038/245119a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 124. More and more promising David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...state particles consisted of two fixed energy gamma rays and a psi. The psi was recognised when it delayed to a muon- or electron-pair with a mass of 3.1 GeV. The production of the two gamma rays is interpreted as a two-stage... Nature 256, 618 - 618 (21 Aug 1975), doi: 10.1038/256618a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 125. Year of the ? W. T. Toner CONTEXT: ...ordered that?", of the muon. With a third member of the series one might begin to make progress. F. Oilman (SLAC) remarked that the U (if a lepton) has been found where charmed mesons were expected, just as the muon was found where... Nature 257, 535 - 535 (16 Oct 1975), doi: 10.1038/257535a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 126. Another surprise from Gargamelle David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...245, 119; 1973). This neutral-current (NC) process is in contrast with the charged-current (CC) processes in which muon-or electron-neutrinos collide with nuclei and are transformed into charged muons or electrons. The CC neutrino... Nature 273, 98 - 99 (11 May 1978), doi: 10.1038/273098a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 127. Dilepton production in hadronic collisions L. M. Lederman SUMMARY: Quarks play a central part in particle physics. They were introduced as three fundamental, irreducible building blocks whose combinations reproduced the vast spectroscopy and static properties of CONTEXT: ...to an observation of the (virtual) photon flux generated in high energy collisions. The effective mass of the muon pair, (that is, the mass of the parent photon) acts as a probe of small distance structure of the colliding... Nature 278, 827 - 832 (26 Apr 1979), doi: 10.1038/278827a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 128. Quark fusion Peter Landshoff CONTEXT: ...hydrogen target, or with some heavier nucleus. The lepton pair may be either an electron and a positron, e+e", or a muon pair +. It was experiments of this type that made the important discoveries of the J/f and ? resonances. The ?... Nature 280, 276 - 277 (26 Jul 1979), doi: 10.1038/280276a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 129. Particle physics: Do metals conduct colour charge? Frank Close CONTEXT: ...purposes analogous to electrons) from iron. The experiments were performed by a group known as the European Muon Collaboration (EMC) and the effect named the 'EMC effect'. In the early 1970s, high-energy electromagnetic interactions... Nature 305, 579 - 580 (13 Oct 1983), doi: 10.1038/305579a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 130. Cosmogenic helium in a terrestrial igneous rock Mark D. Kurz CONTEXT: ...for the upper several metres of basalt. The maximum production rate from muon capture processes (see ref. 5) can be estimated by taking the total muon stopping rate24, and assuming that the total number of Li atoms reacting is [ Nu/... Nature 320, 435 - 439 (03 Apr 1986), doi: 10.1038/320435a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 131. Finding characteristic lengths Ted Forgan CONTEXT: ...is to atomic dimensions. This means that the theory is being extrapolated very far from its usual realm of validity. Muon-spin rotation (wSR), a method that relies on the stopping of spin-polarized muons in a sample in a magnetic... Nature 329, 483 - 485 (08 Oct 1987), doi: 10.1038/329483a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 132. Heliomagnetic dipole moment and daily variation of cosmic rays underground K. Nagashima, H. Ueno, K. Fujimoto CONTEXT: ...exists only in the cosmic-ray high-rigidity region. Cosmic-ray data used for this analysis are those observed by muon telescopes at Sakashita underground station3'4 from 1978 to 1985. Some of characteristics of the telescopes are... Nature 328, 600 - 601 (13 Aug 1987), doi: , Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 133. Observations beyond the limit Demosthenes Kazanas CONTEXT: ...compound the puzzles, the muon content in the PeV showers is inconsistent with the assumption that they are initiated by photons (if they were, there should have been ten times fewer muons). Instead, the muon content is consistent... Nature 338, 300 - 300 (23 Mar 1989), doi: 10.1038/338300a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 134. The revenge of orthodoxy Pierre Salati CONTEXT: ...neutral Z°, which mediates weak interactions, may decay into quarks, charged leptons (such as the electron and the muon) and neutrinos. Each neutrino species contributes 167 MeV to the total decay width of the Z°, which is determined... Nature 346, 221 - 222 (19 Jul 1990), doi: 10.1038/346221a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 135. The nucleon in a spin A. D. Martin CONTEXT: ...involving neutrons present a severe technical challenge. In the new CERN experiment1, performed by the Spin Muon Collaboration (SMC), the target contains frozen, pola-rized deuterons (each compris-ing a proton and a neutron). The... Nature 363, 116 - 117 (13 May 1993), doi: 10.1038/363116a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 136. New physics with the Compact Linear Collider John Ellis, Ian Wilson SUMMARY: Probing beyond the established picture of particle physics will require some radical re-thinking of accelerator designs. If accelerators are to reach the ever-higher energies that theorists would CONTEXT: ...in threesomes, form protons and neutrons) and leptons (again, in six types, including the familiar electron, the muon, the tau and three types of neutrinos) (see Box 1). The forces between these particles are mediated by the... Nature 409, 431 - 435 (18 Jan 2001), doi: 10.1038/35053224, insight Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 137. High-energy physicsNeutrinos reveal split personalities John N. Bahcall SUMMARY: For more than 30 years scientists have puzzled over the mystery of the missing neutrinos emitted from the Sun. Data from underground detectors in Canada and Japan combine to provide the answer. CONTEXT: ...They have no electrical charge, travel essentially at the speed of light, and come in three types: electron, muon and tau. These particles are so elusive that you do not notice the hundred billion solar neutrinos that pass through... Nature 412, 29 - 31 (05 Jul 2001), doi: 10.1038/35083665, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 138. Anarchy in the heart of the Sun Philip Ball SUMMARY: Are the fundamental laws of nature always blessed with beauty and symmetry? Not necessarily, Philip Ball discovers. CONTEXT: ...each one linked like a little brother to particles of the electron family: the electron neutrino itself, the 'muon' neutrino and the 'tau' neutrino. Neutrinos are generated in the nuclear reactions that power the Sun, and so the Sun... News@Nature (23 Mar 2000), doi: 10.1038/news000323-5, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 139. Centenary of particle pioneer Philip Ball SUMMARY: Cecil Powell won Nobel for discovering the pion and firing up a new field of physics. CONTEXT: ...meson (pion) and the second a mu meson (muon). The muon turned out to be the same as the mesons seen before. But the pion was something new: a particle about 1.3 times more massive than the muon. In fact, the pion was the very... News@Nature (01 Dec 2003), doi: 10.1038/news031201-7, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 140. Spotted: mass exodus from the Sun Jim Giles SUMMARY: Flavour switching solves riddle of missing neutrinos CONTEXT: ...other 'flavours': tau and muon neutrinos. Neutrino detectors are primarily sensitive to electron neutrinos, which means the deficit could be explained if some electron neutrinos were changing into tau or muon neutrinos en route to... News@Nature (21 Jun 2001), doi: 10.1038/news010621-5, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 141. A critical assessment of the superconducting pairing symmetry in NaxCoO2&circle;yH2O I. I. Mazin, M. D. Johannes SUMMARY: NaxCoO2&circle;yH2O must be hydrated to superconduct, and its triangular CoO2 layers provide an intriguing contrast with the square CuO2 layers of the high-temperature superconductors. CONTEXT: ...dependence of either specific heat or relaxation rates (nuclear magnetic resonance, nuclear quadrupole resonance and muon spin relaxation, SR). In all of these works, the authors agree that the low-temperature behaviour of the DOS is... Nature Physics 1, 91 - 93 (01 Nov 2005), doi: 10.1038/nphys126, Letters Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 142. The CERN Laboratory, Geneva CONTEXT: ...the most impressive of these was the measurement of g-2 for the muon to an accuracy of 2 per cent. The completion of the new muon channel must mean major progress in muon physics within the next few years. To cope with the increasing... Nature 192, 307 - 307 (28 Oct 1961), doi: 10.1038/192307c0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 143. High-Energy Research at CERN S. WEINTROUB CONTEXT: ...decay of the pion in 1958. Following the addition of a muon channel, the first measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon was made, and at present measurements of muon capture by hydrogen are being carried out. The... Nature 194, 638 - 638 (19 May 1962), doi: 10.1038/194638a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 144. Galactic Cosmic-Ray Source and Loss Problem PAUL BAKER, R. L. CHASSON, V. J. KISSELBACH CONTEXT: ...c The results have been obtained with a technique of celestial scanning, using a battery of paired narrow-angle muon telescopes, two of which are vertical, and the others with axes tilted at about 38 with respect to zenith and in the... Nature 211, 354 - 355 (23 Jul 1966), doi: 10.1038/211354a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 145. Relativistic States of Positronium and Structure of Fundamental Particles P. F. BROWNE CONTEXT: ...time11-13. In Table 1 the rest masses predicted by the empirical law and the observed rest masses are compared. The muon would contain 3 leptons, the pion 4, the kaon 14 and the proton 27 (for the more massive particles accumulated... Nature 211, 810 - 813 (20 Aug 1966), doi: 10.1038/211810a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 146. Is the Special Theory Right or Wrong?: Experimental Verifications of the Theory of Relativity F. J. M. FARLEY, J. BAILEY, E. PICASSO SUMMARY: In Nature for October 14, 1967, Professor H. Dingle argued that the special theory of relativity is incorrect, and Professor W. H. McCrea put an opposing view. Some correspondence on the same sub CONTEXT: ...is itself very close to c. The result on time-dilation is obtained as a by-product of another investigation. In the muon storage ring7 at CERN, muons of momentum 1.274 GeV/c are injected into a circular orbit in an almost uniform... Nature 217, 17 - 18 (06 Jan 1968), doi: 10.1038/217017a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 147. Magnetic Charge of the Proton and Neutron R. F. PALMER, J. G. TAYLOR CONTEXT: ...magnetic charge. It would be interesting to see if this were the case by subjecting the muon to a strong magnetic field, though if the muon were an axial monopole7 the resulting motion would be different from that for a classical... Nature 219, 1033 - 1034 (07 Sep 1968), doi: 10.1038/2191033a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 148. What are the parents? W. T. Toner CONTEXT: NEW ideas are needed to explain muon to pion production ratios as large as 104 in high energy proton interactions. Unlike pions, muons and electrons are not strongly interacting and should not be seen in these collisions, except as rare... Nature 254, 103 - 104 (13 Mar 1975), doi: 10.1038/254103b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 149. New quarks?now the good news D. Morgan CONTEXT: ...particles. The outcome is a very close analogy between the non-strongly interacting 'leptons' (the electron, the muon and their associated neutrinos) and the quarks from which the strongly interacting 'hadrons' are built. Before... Nature 268, 297 - 298 (28 Jul 1977), doi: 10.1038/268297a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 150. High-energy physics and nuclear structure C. J. Batty CONTEXT: ...pointed out that recent suggestions of the existence of a third lepton could lead to a coupling between the muon and electron such that decays of the type \L?>e + 7 could occur, although at a very low rate compared with the normal... Nature 269, 375 - 376 (29 Sep 1977), doi: 10.1038/269375a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 151. Unified field theory: dream becoming reality? F. E. Close CONTEXT: ...so the quark to lepton mass ratio increases. As an example con-sider the following. The ratio of strange quark to muon mass is known to be about five (0.5 and 0.1 GeV respectively). After the dis-covery of the r lepiton in 1975 one... Nature 278, 209 - 210 (15 Mar 1979), doi: 10.1038/278209a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 152. How many quarks? F. E. Close CONTEXT: ...by a fourth-the charmed quark. This yielded a pleasing symmetry between the world of four leptons (electron, muon and two neutrinos) and that of the quarks. The familiar world is built from the electron and its neutrino in the lepton... Nature 274, 418 - 419 (03 Aug 1978), doi: 10.1038/274418a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 153. Longer perspectives in neutrino physics D. J. Miller CONTEXT: ...terms of fractionally charged 'coloured' quarks, fundamental particles at the same level as the leptons (electron, muon, tau and the neutrinos), but confined in threes or in quark-antiquark pairs. The electromagnetic and weak... Nature 280, 191 - 192 (19 Jul 1979), doi: 10.1038/280191a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 154. The road to unification Norman Dombey CONTEXT: ...of parity in weak interactions - the interaction responsible for the neutron beta decay n -* pe v and muon decay -* ve ? - following its prediction by Lee and Yang1. After this, there was rapid progress in the understanding of weak... Nature 282, 131 - 133 (08 Nov 1979), doi: 10.1038/282131a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 155. How long is the charmed lifetime? Graham Shaw CONTEXT: ...interactions. And these weak interactions should be the same as those responsible for familiar processes like muon decay, or nuclear beta decay, with precisely the same coupling constant. However, because the charmed quarks are so... Nature 284, 663 - 663 (24 Apr 1980), doi: 10.1038/284663a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 156. ?± lifetimes and longitudinal acceleration C. E. Roos, J. Marraffino, S. Reucroft, J. Waters, M. S. Webster, E. G. H. Williams, A. Manz, R. Settles, G. Wolf CONTEXT: ...acceleration on the muon lifetime has been investigated by the g-2 muon experiment at CERN13. Relativistic muons were held in an orbit by magnetic fields which produced accelerations of 1018g perpendicular to the muon's velocity. The... Nature 286, 244 - 245 (17 Jul 1980), doi: 10.1038/286244a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 157. What are quarks made of? Louis Lyons CONTEXT: ...contains leptons. The best known are the electron and its neutrino, but nature has twice replicated them with the muon and the tau leptons, which both appear to be simply heavier versions of the electron and both of which have their... Nature 298, 601 - 602 (12 Aug 1982), doi: 10.1038/298601a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 158. Cosmic ? rays and cosmic-ray particles J. Wdowczyk, A. W. Wolfendale CONTEXT: ...eV region. The first appears to have been the detection of the Crab by Dzikowski et ai1 by way of the observation of muon-poor showers. A measure of confirmation has come from the 'fly's eye' detector2 although these authors appear... Nature 305, 609 - 610 (13 Oct 1983), doi: 10.1038/305609a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 159. In defence of CERN VICTOR F. WEISSKOPF CONTEXT: ...such as the existence of a fifth quark. But it was the CERN accelerator that was able to produce sharp and intense muon and neutrino beams with which the so-called structure functions of protons and neutrons were determined with... Nature 311, 599 - 599 (18 Oct 1984), doi: 10.1038/311599a0, Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 160. Determination of the magnetic penetration depth of the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7?x by polarized neutron reflection R. Felici, J. Penfold, R. C. Ward, E. Olsi, C. Matacotta CONTEXT: ...a penetration depth of ~1,500 Ã… has been derived3 for YBa2Cu3O7–x, and values of ~ 2,000 Ã… were measured by muon spin rotation4,5 for La1.85Ba0.15CuO4. Felcher and co-workers6,7, in their work on superconducting films of niobium,... Nature 329, 523 - 525 (08 Oct 1987), doi: 10.1038/329523a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 161. Neutrino spectroscopy of supernova 1987A Lawrence M. Krauss SUMMARY: Two of the four reported observations of neutrino bursts associated with supernova 1987A are consistent with each other and with the theoretical expectations of supernova neutrino luminosities CONTEXT: ...constant piece was -30% of that in exponential, for 'B' models it was 40-50%. II Mixed populations of electron and muon neutrinos at lower and higher temperatures. # Gaussian population centred on 10.5 s. Results Table 2 shows the... Nature 329, 689 - 694 (22 Oct 1987), doi: 10.1038/329689a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 162. Limits on hadronic cosmic ray production by young pulsars David Eichler, John R. Letaw CONTEXT: ...Magellanic Cloud, they must have a very hard spectrum, e 55 30 TeV. For muon neutrinos, the effective detector mass is determined by the range of the daughter muon and the area. Detailed calculations1 indicate that 1049ergs in lOTeV... Nature 328, 783 - 784 (27 Aug 1987), doi: 10.1038/328783a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 163. Quark spins add up to nothing C. T. Sachrajda CONTEXT: AMONG the fundamental properties of any elementary particle is its intrinsic angular momentum or 'spin'. The European Muon Collaboration (EMC) has just obtained new results on the spin content of the proton which are somewhat unexpec-ted... Nature 333, 703 - 704 (23 Jun 1988), doi: 10.1038/333703a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 164. Beauty of the standard model David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...the standard model. These are matched with three generations of lepton doublets; (electron, electron neutrino), (muon, muon neutrino) and (tau, tau neutrino). The SLC measurements of the shape of the Zá° resonance favour the... Nature 341, 388 - 389 (05 Oct 1989), doi: 10.1038/341388a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 165. 1988 Nobel prizes announced for physics and for chemistry David Lindley CONTEXT: ...in the early 1960s, of a way to generate a neutrino beam in the laboratory and their subsequent discovery of the muon neutrino. Any surprise at the award derives from its belatedness rather than the stature of the winners. Lederman,... Nature 335, 752 - 752 (27 Oct 1988), doi: 10.1038/335752a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 166. Cold results from Utah CONTEXT: ...has been regularly punctuated by 'breakthroughs'. The new claim bears some similarity to muon-catalysed fusion, in which the substitution of a muon for an electron in heavy hydrogen shrinks the size of the molecule enough for... Nature 338, 364 - 364 (30 Mar 1989), doi: 10.1038/338364a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 167. A symbiotic relationship Demosthenes Kazanas CONTEXT: ...For example, the dis-covery of new quark flavours with very short life-times has suggested the presence of a prompt muon component in the atmospheric cosmic-ray cascades (that is, muons emitted from meson decay before the parent... Nature 350, 390 - 390 (04 Apr 1991), doi: 10.1038/350390a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 168. A proton shared... Peter Aldhous CONTEXT: London MUON research is to be the latest benefici-ary of Japanese research spending in the United Kingdom. The Japanese Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) will spend £6 million to set up a complex of muon beamlines on... Nature 347, 413 - 413 (04 Oct 1990), doi: 10.1038/347413c0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 169. Muonium in fullerite E. J. ANSALDO, C. NIEDERMAYER, C. E. STRONACH CONTEXT: ...into fullerite form vacuum Mu and a muon-ated radical species. Muon-spin-rotation spectrum of C60/C70 fullerite at 210 K and an applied field of 58.4 Oe. Our experiment, which used standard muon-spin-rotation/relaxation (M-SR)... Nature 353, 121 - 121 (12 Sep 1991), doi: 10.1038/353121a0, Scientific Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 170. Putting a project on ice Demosthenes Kazanas CONTEXT: ...TeV (1012 eV). It is this possibility that Lowder et al. address with their feasibility study for AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array). The basic principle of devices of this kind is the detection by photomultiplier... Nature 353, 298 - 299 (26 Sep 1991), doi: 10.1038/353298a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 171. Rent a theorist in Moscow Christopher Anderson CONTEXT: ...is muon-catalysed fusion, the technique of exchanging a heavy muon for the electron in a deuterium atom, which allows two deuterium atoms to get close enough to occasionally fuse and release large amounts of energy. Although... Nature 351, 683 - 683 (27 Jun 1991), doi: 10.1038/351683a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 172. Importance of phase fluctuations in superconductors with small superfluid density V. J. Emery, S. A. Kivelson CONTEXT: ...perspective on the relation between Tc and A˜2(0) suggested by muon spin relaxation experiments. From our point of view, the "universal relation" between Tc and the muon depolarization rate in high-temperature superconduc-tors... Nature 374, 434 - 437 (30 Mar 1995), doi: 10.1038/374434a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 173. Beauty stays as charm wilts David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...electron, muon or tau - might transform and oscillate back and forth into one or both of the other two species in flight. The first set comes from the LSND collaboration (H. White, Los Alamos). Their neutrino beam has more muon... Nature 382, 673 - 673 (22 Aug 1996), doi: 10.1038/382673a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 174. Flavour switching solves riddle of missing neutrinos Jim Giles CONTEXT: ...known as tau and muon neutrinos. Neutrino detectors are primarily sensitive to electron neutrinos, which means the deficit could be explained if some electron neutrinos were changing into tau or muon neutrinos en route to the Earth.... Nature 411, 877 - 877 (21 Jun 2001), doi: 10.1038/35082222, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 175. High-energy astrophysicsLet's catch some rays Philip Ball SUMMARY: Particles with hundreds of millions times more energy than those in physicists' accelerators regularly strike the Earth, but no one is sure where they come from. Philip Ball reports on attempts t CONTEXT: ...trails left by the muons they create: the higher the neutrino's energy, the farther the muon travels. But high-energy neutrinos can create muon trails that are hundreds of metres long, and once the trail leaves the water tank there... Nature 419, 12 - 14 (05 Sep 2002), doi: 10.1038/419012a, news feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 176. SurveillanceRadiographic imaging with cosmic-ray muons Konstantin N. Borozdin, Gary E. Hogan, Christopher Morris, William C. Priedhorsky, Alexander Saunders, Larry J. Schultz, Margaret E. Teasdale SUMMARY: Natural background particles could be exploited to detect concealed nuclear materials. CONTEXT: ...as the atomic number of a material increases, and [thetas]0 increases accordingly: in a layer 10 cm thick, a 3-GeV muon will scatter with an angle of 2.3 milliradians in water, 11 milliradians in iron and 20 milliradians in lead. By... Nature 422, 277 - 277 (20 Mar 2003), doi: 10.1038/422277a, Brief Communications Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 177. Research highlights CONTEXT: ...Previous experiments have shown that neutrinos can spontaneously flip between three different ‘flavours’ (electron, muon and tau). Under the standard model of particle physics, this neutrino oscillation is only possible if they have... Nature 432, 570 - 570 (01 Dec 2004), doi: 10.1038/432570a, Research Highlights Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 178. Antineutrinos caught in vanishing act Philip Ball SUMMARY: Disappearance of nuclear reactors' subatomic particles confirms theory. CONTEXT: ...than theory predicts. This deficit was attributed to oscillations between three flavours of neutrino: electron, muon and tau neutrinos. In 1998, a detector called Super-Kamiokande, in the Kamioka Mine north of Tokyo showed that the... News@Nature (20 Jan 2003), doi: 10.1038/news030120-4, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 179. Ice telescope draws useful blank Geoff Brumfiel SUMMARY: First evidence from Antarctic neutrino detector announced. CONTEXT: ...that detect rare neutrino collisions with atoms inside Antarctic ice. A collision creates a heavy particle called a muon, which in turn emits a flash of blue light. Comparing the flash in multiple detectors, AMANDA scientists... News@Nature (07 Apr 2003), doi: 10.1038/news030407-6, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 180. Ice picks up particles from Universe's edge Tom Clarke SUMMARY: Antarctic ice detects one of particle physics' coolest customers. CONTEXT: ...1997 to test whether polar ice is a natural neutrino detector. The first results from the experiment, the Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA), published today, confirm that high-energy neutrinos were detected --... News@Nature (22 Mar 2001), doi: 10.1038/news010322-10, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 181. First 'data' from LHC Alison Wright SUMMARY: Components installed for the ATLAS detector at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider report their first signals — not yet the Higgs boson, but the tell-tale tracks CONTEXT: ...cosmic-ray particles are the first sign that all is working as it should. The particle track shown here is that of a muon, produced in a cosmic-ray shower and penetrating solid rock to reach ATLAS, 90m underground. Its passing was... Nature Physics (01 Jul 2005), doi: 10.1038/nphys005, Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 182. Particle physics: Into the mix Roger Jones SUMMARY: The challenge to measure the quantum-mechanical mixing between particle and antiparticle states for a particular type of meson is at last being met — but CONTEXT: ...by different means. The DØ result again relies on its excellent capacity for muon detection, to reconstruct so-called semileptonic decays of the B0s to a muon, a neutrino and another type of meson. This produces high statistics, but... Nature Physics 2, 375 - 376 (01 Jun 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys327, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 183. Neutrinos from gamma-ray bursts as a tool to explore quantum-gravity-induced Lorentz violation Uri Jacob, Tsvi Piran SUMMARY: Lorentz-invariance violation (LIV) arises in various quantum-gravity theories, but typically at Planck energies that are not accessible on Earth. To test LIV, we must CONTEXT: ...our results remain valid. Using the atmospheric neutrino spectrum (E-) and the probability that a muon neutrino generates a detectable muon (E), we estimate the number of background events above an energy E detected in a detector of... Nature Physics 3, 87 - 90 (01 Feb 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys506, Letters Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 184. Organic electronics: Spintronics goes plastic Stefano Sanvito SUMMARY: Spin-related phenomena are usually considered exclusively in relation to inorganic materials. A series of pioneering experiments challenges this picture and demonstrates that the integration of m CONTEXT: ...collaboration including institutions in Fribourg, Oxford, London, Sheffield and Villigen. It consists of low-energy muon spin rotation, a technique capable of measuring directly the local magnetic fields inside thin films at... Nature Materials 6, 803 - 804 (01 Nov 2007), doi: 10.1038/nmat2050, News and Views Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 185. The Rutherford Jubilee and Nuclear Physics S. WEINTROUB CONTEXT: ...papers by R. J. Blin-Stoyle; S. A. Moszkowski; C. Rubbia on muon capture in nuclei; and V. L. Telegdi on the spin dependence of the interaction responsible for muon capture. In the open session (Session 8) there were four invited... Nature 196, 507 - 507 (10 Nov 1962), doi: 10.1038/196507a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 186. High Energy Nuclear Physics G. H. STAFFORD CONTEXT: ...or not. An associated problem was the question of the large mass of the muon. It was suggested that a precise measurement of the magnetic moment of the muon would be of great value in order to check whether there was any departure... Nature 182, 356 - 358 (09 Aug 1958), doi: 10.1038/182356a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 187. Why Should We Study High-Energy Nuclear Physics? C. F. POWELL CONTEXT: ...discovered, and the foundations were laid for the particle-physics of our time. Beginning with the discovery of the muon or heavy electron by Anderson in 1937, and especially after 1945, a large number of entities, the mesons and... Nature 204, 421 - 425 (31 Oct 1964), doi: 10.1038/204421a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 188. [Book Reviews] R. J. N. PHILLIPS CONTEXT: ...the predicted W The surprise particle of two years ago is covered by Feinberg and Lederman, in a paper on the muon and the muon neutrino. There are two correlated papers on the slowing-down of charged particles in matter; Farxo deals... Nature 203, 114 - 114 (11 Jul 1964), doi: 10.1038/203114a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 189. Nuclear Physics G. M. LEWIS CONTEXT: ...analysis is given of A-nucleon binding forces. Finally, there is the article on "Electromagnetic Properties of the Muon" by F. J. M. Farley. It is a very comprehensive and exciting story of recent electromagnetic measurements leading... Nature 203, 1003 - 1004 (05 Sep 1964), doi: 10.1038/2031003b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 190. Weak Interactions S. ZIENAU CONTEXT: ...contribute important expositions on theoretical muon physics and properties of weak interactions' (with special reference to unitary symmetry) respectively. The experimental side to muon physics, neutrino experiments and... Nature 215, 1421 - 1421 (23 Sep 1967), doi: 10.1038/2151421b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 191. Light Flashes produced in the Human Eye by Extremely Relativistic Muons PETER J. MCNULTY CONTEXT: ...value measured at 10-20 eccentricity14,15, then a threshold value of ten absorbed photons should be exceeded in the muon experiment for 26% of the peripheral units in each 0.1 s interval of the 0.44 s pulse and essentially nowhere... Nature 234, 110 - 110 (12 Nov 1971), doi: 10.1038/234110a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 192. Dr Vikram A. Sarabhai CONTEXT: ...significant contributions. He was one of the first people to realize, through experiment, that the variations of the muon component could not be understood only in terms of atmospheric effects but, in fact, implied an anisotropy of... Nature 236, 185 - 186 (24 Mar 1972), doi: 10.1038/236185a0, Obituary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 193. High Energy Physics: The Intermediary Boson CONTEXT: ...of energy to the hadrons in hypothetical W events is accompanied by a small transfer of momentum to the associated muon. If the boson exists it will therefore manifest itself by a tight clustering of W events in energy which will... Nature 228, 716 - 716 (21 Nov 1970), doi: 10.1038/228716a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 194. Possible antineutrino pulse of extraterrestrial origin K. LANDE, G. BOZOKI, W. FRATI, C. K. LEE, E. FENYVES, O. SAAVEDRA CONTEXT: ...muons per day traversing each detector and see a large angle muon going through two detectors about once in two days. From these numbers we predict about one muon traversing all our detectors once a year or three muons within 3 ms ?... Nature 251, 485 - 486 (11 Oct 1974), doi: 10.1038/251485a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 195. Degeneracy effects on neutrino mass ejection in supernovae T. J. MAZUREK CONTEXT: ...supernova ambience to determine the leptonic effects in transport. Coherent scattering by nuclei was neglected; thus muon neutrinos escaped essentially without interacting. The investigation used a stationary collapsed stellar... Nature 252, 287 - 289 (22 Nov 1974), doi: 10.1038/252287a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 196. Sealing wax and string at $250 million Miranda Robertson SUMMARY: Miranda Robertson discusses the contribution that the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (pictured at bottom) is making to high energy physics. CONTEXT: ...the laboratory at Batavia, 35 miles west of Chicago, which now houses Fermi's original Chicago cyclotron (demoted to muon focussing) as well as the world's most powerful proton accelerator. Robert Wilson : controversial But... Nature 249, 682 - 683 (21 Jun 1974), doi: 10.1038/249682a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 197. Likely examples of charm David Miller CONTEXT: ...for instance, will decay preferentially to a positive muon and a neutrinoa charged lepton system, but a K0 produces the equivalent neutral lepton system, a positive and a negative muon, with an almost negligible probability. The... Nature 264, 398 - 399 (02 Dec 1976), doi: 10.1038/264398a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 198. Most leptons come in pairs W. T. Toner CONTEXT: ...group (K. J. Anderson et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 37, 799 and 803; 1976; Branson et al. to be published) have measured muon pairs and single muons in the same apparatus so that systematic effects in any comparison are much reduced.... Nature 265, 497 - 498 (10 Feb 1977), doi: 10.1038/265497b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 199. New physics and new accelerators in Europe B. H. Wiik CONTEXT: ...proton syn-chrotron. The SPS supports, among other studies, extensive programmes in neutrino physics and high energy muon scattering. These lepton beams are well suited for the production of hadrons composed of new quarks and the... Nature 267, 10 - 11 (05 May 1977), doi: 10.1038/267010a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 200. SU(2) × U(l): A gauge theory of weak interactions? David Bailin, Norman Dombey SUMMARY: We construct a gauge theory of weak interactions which fits all neutral current data, including the atomic physics experiments. It is shown that it is possible to include this theory in a unified CONTEXT: ...current universality. If the observed muon decay rate is compared with nuclear ft- values, it is found that A = 2{g*v/g*cos0c-l} = 2.19±0.27% (17) where g*v and g* are the effective )5 decay and muon decay coupling constants (after... Nature 271, 20 - 23 (05 Jan 1978), doi: 10.1038/271020a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 201. A new generation of elementary particles F. E. Close CONTEXT: ...known as the 'first generation' of elementary fermions. For a reason not yet understood Nature repeated itself. The muon (seemingly a heavy version of the electron (see News and Views266, 679; 1977)) was discovered over a quarter of... Nature 271, 406 - 407 (02 Feb 1978), doi: 10.1038/271406a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 202. Sicily's scientific evangelist Robert Walgate SUMMARY: The European Physical Society, which meets next week in York, has for its president a Sicilian very powerful in Italian science politics: Professor Antonino Zichichi. He spoke recently to Robert CONTEXT: ...I gave up". Also he spent five years searching for a lepton heavier than the muon at Frascati, by looking at electron annihilations producing an electron, a muon, and anything-the same reaction in which Martin Perl at Stanford... Nature 275, 171 - 172 (21 Sep 1978), doi: 10.1038/275171a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 203. Deep-sea neutrinos David Eichler CONTEXT: THE Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector (DUMAND) is one of the most ambitious experiments ever conceived. As presently seen, it will consist of thousands of photomultiplier tubes and perhaps some hydrophones distributed over a... Nature 276, 15 - 15 (02 Nov 1978), doi: 10.1038/276015a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 204. Can high energy physics be too easy? CONTEXT: ...set-more massive, but mirroring the properties of the first. These are the strange and charmed quarks, the muon and muon neutrino. Experiment appears to be revealing a third set, and there seems little reason why there should not be... Nature 273, 479 - 479 (15 Jun 1978), doi: 10.1038/273479a0, Opinion PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 205. Quantum chromodynamics William Marciano, Heinz Pagels SUMMARY: There has been a growing conviction during the past few years within the high-energy physics community that a fundamental theory of the strong interaction has been found. This theory is called qu CONTEXT: ...called leptons, which can interact elec-tromagnetically and weakly but not strongly. Other known leptons are the muon (), tau (t) and the associated neutrinos pe, zv and ?t.) As electron-proton scattering proceeds via the... Nature 279, 479 - 483 (07 Jun 1979), doi: 10.1038/279479a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 206. Neutrinos and the age of the Universe E. M. D. Symbalisty, J. Yang, D. N. Schramm CONTEXT: ...The previous calculation of Kazanas et al.2 assumed a two neutrino standard big-bang model, that is the electron and muon neutrinos contributed to the radiation dominated early Universe density. The standard model now assumes three... Nature 288, 143 - 145 (13 Nov 1980), doi: 10.1038/288143a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 207. Is the Sun still shining? F.E. Close CONTEXT: ...of neutrino were known - one related to the electron (called electron-neutrino or ?e), and one partnering the muon (muon-neutrino, ?µ). Their masses are known to be orders of magnitude smaller than the lightest known particle... Nature 284, 507 - 508 (10 Apr 1980), doi: 10.1038/284507a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 208. Down and beyond the composite particle M.G. Albrow CONTEXT: ...the latter are freely observed unlike quarks and gluons. One can do an experiment (for example scatter a high-energy muon through a known large angle on a proton) which should produce a quark with a known energy and direction. No... Nature 295, 722 - 722 (25 Feb 1982), doi: 10.1038/295722a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 209. Nuclear physicits in Italy: Give us the money and we will deliver the goods Robert Walgate CONTEXT: ...to research". They could, he claimed, have found the heavy lepton (the tau, a heavy version of the electron and muon discovered at Stanford in 1976) and the J/psi (the first direct evidence for the existence of the charmed quark,... Nature 301, 6 - 6 (06 Jan 1983), doi: 10.1038/301006a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 210. Nature is not all that malicious Robert Walgate SUMMARY: The proton is not decaying as fast as the simplest unified field theory?SU(5)?predicts. But this is no cause for despair: the search should be for something even simpler. CONTEXT: ...doubt on the world's four other examples of nucleon decay in smaller detectors - even though they have much lower muon backgrounds (Kolar, 2 per day; Mont Blanc, 20 per day) - and physicists now appear to be taking the pessimistic... Nature 304, 483 - 483 (11 Aug 1983), doi: 10.1038/304483a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 211. High-energy physics: Closing in on the distant Z° Frank Close CONTEXT: ...of the electrical charge of the produced particles, in this case muons. But it is possible instead of studying muon-antimuon production to study quark-antiquark production; because quarks have fractional charges, this reduces the... Nature 303, 280 - 281 (26 May 1983), doi: 10.1038/303280a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 212. Astrophysics: Primordial helium abundance and big-bang cosmology Joseph Silk CONTEXT: ...types of neutrinos during nucleosyn-thesis. Physicists have discovered three neutrino species: the electron, the muon and t neutrinos; and in principle, further species await discovery. Each additional species contributes to the... Nature 302, 382 - 383 (31 Mar 1983), doi: 10.1038/302382a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 213. Opportunities in particle physics C.H. Llewellyn Smith SUMMARY: While a British committee is considering the question whether the United Kingdom can afford to remain a member of the European high-energy physics consortium CERN, particle physics itself is at a CONTEXT: ...consituents of matter could be divided into two classes: o Leptons. These are particles such as the electron, the muon and neutrinos which do not feel the strong, or nuclear, force. Four were then known, and it was clear that they... Nature 312, 588 - 592 (13 Dec 1984), doi: 10.1038/312588a0, Commentary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 214. Constraints on the neutron lifetime from triton ? decay J. Byrne CONTEXT: ...contributions, the latter having the transformation properties of an isovector. In the purely leptonic decay of the muon, gv and gA are identical, but this is not the case for neutron decay, where the strong interactions are... Nature 310, 212 - 213 (19 Jul 1984), doi: 10.1038/310212a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 215. CERN comes out again on top John Maddox SUMMARY: With the discovery of the electroweak bosons (W± and Z0) in the bag, CERN now announces the discovery of the quark called top. What will come next? CONTEXT: ...world contains not just one material lepton, the electron (and its anti-particle, the positron), but two others, the muon and the tauon (each with its oppositely charged anti-particle). With each of these three lep-tons is associated... Nature 310, 97 - 97 (12 Jul 1984), doi: 10.1038/310097a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 216. Can a neutrino-dominated Universe be rejected? Piet Hut, Simon D. M. White SUMMARY: The conservative hypothesis that the Universe is dominated by nonbaryonic matter made up of particles that have already been observed in the laboratory is not tenable within a standard big-bang c CONTEXT: ...that at the intersection of lines 3 and 4, q - 5 x IO15 showing a decay rate far below that obtained by scaling from muon decay. Radiative decay, v -" v + ?, is subject to a variety of cosmologi-cal and laboratory constraints which... Nature 310, 637 - 640 (23 Aug 1984), doi: 10.1038/310637a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 217. Plasma physics: Nuclear fusion comes closer R.S. Pease CONTEXT: ...technology, one new feature was the first design of a fusion reactor based on the muon catalysed fusion reaction (S. Elezier et al Israel and Texas), muon catalysis being the dark horse of the fusion race. An outstanding feature of... Nature 324, 512 - 513 (11 Dec 1986), doi: 10.1038/324512a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 218. First observation of ultra-high-energy ? rays from LMC X-4 R. J. Protheroe, R. W. Clay CONTEXT: ...had zenith angles lt;45. This is in contrast to arrays comprising detectors sensitive to the (more penetrating) muon component, such as water Cerenkov detectors, which can readily detect showers to larger zenith angles. In our... Nature 315, 205 - 207 (16 May 1985), doi: 10.1038/315205a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 219. Origin of ultra-high-energy ?-rays from Cygnus X-3 and related sources Demosthenes Kazanas, Donald C. Ellison CONTEXT: ...The neutron-initiated air showers are muon-rich and hence potentially observable with detectors sensitive to muons such as the proton decay detectors. However, the recently reported muon observations from the direction of Cyg X-3 in... Nature 319, 380 - 382 (30 Jan 1986), doi: 10.1038/319380a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 220. Forward on fusion CONTEXT: ...mixtures for muon-catalysed fusion experiments at the Los Alamos Meson Physics Facility in 1984. The target was electrically heated to 800 K and then cooled to 14 K with liquid helium. Up to 150 fusions per muon (average) were... Nature 321, 114 - 114 (08 May 1986), doi: 10.1038/321114b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 221. Exotic atoms: Antiprotons tickle nuclei C. J. Batty CONTEXT: ...'exotic' atoms. In such atoms, one of the electrons is replaced by a heavier, negatively charged particle, such as a muon, pion, kaon or antiproton, and is formed by stopping the particles in suitable target material. Because of the... Nature 323, 487 - 487 (09 Oct 1986), doi: 10.1038/323487a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 222. Neutrino temperatures and fluxes from the LMC supernova J. N. Bahcall, T. Piran, W. H. Press, D. N. Spergel CONTEXT: ...analysis on the first 10 seconds. We shall consider first solutions in which each type of neutrino (i = electron, muon, tau, and their anti-neutrinos) is decribed by a thermal spectrum, with an associated temperature, T19 and a flux,... Nature 327, 682 - 685 (25 Jun 1987), doi: , Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 223. Have the heavy neutrinos gone? John Maddox SUMMARY: The pursuit of particle physics without the use of accelerating machines is always an intriguing challenge. But the simplicity of measurements may be offset by complications of interpretation. CONTEXT: ...as there are different kinds of electron-like particles, which for the time being means three (the tauon and muon with the ordinary electron). The notion that some neutrinos may have mass arises from attempts to unify strong and weak... Nature 323, 11 - 11 (04 Sep 1986), doi: 10.1038/323011a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 224. Mixed beauty at Hamburg David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...(particle or anti-particle) is most clearly defined when it decays to a charged lepton (either an electron or a muon), accompanied by a lighter quark and a neutrino (or antineutrino). This is similar to nuclear /3-decay, in which an... Nature 329, 394 - 394 (01 Oct 1987), doi: 10.1038/329394a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 225. Solar neutrinos: a field in transition John N. Bahcall, Raymond Davis, Lincoln Wolfenstein SUMMARY: Solar-neutrino experiments provide a unique opportunity for studying weak interactions in a realm where new physics may be revealed. At the same time the neutrinos carry important information CONTEXT: ...the way they interact with matter. The analogue of the inverse beta reaction for v^ would be a reaction in which a muon was produced instead of an electron. Such reactions are energetically impossible for neutrinos with energies <106... Nature 334, 487 - 493 (11 Aug 1988), doi: 10.1038/334487a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 226. CONTEXT: ...asymmetry of these particles. A facility like TRIUMF is needed to produce a sufficient muon flux to conduct such studies. TRIUMF's high muon flux has also been useful for materials science studies, notably in determining the atomic... Nature 333, 725 - 736 (23 Jun 1988), doi: 10.1038/333725a0, Science in Canada PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 227. Calculated fusion rates in isotopic hydrogen molecules S. E. Koonin, M. Nauenberg CONTEXT: ...mutual Coulomb barrier to initiate a nuclear reaction. The phenomenon is well studied in muon-catalysed fusion1–4, where a relatively massive muon replaces an electron in a diatomic molecule of hydrogen isotopes, enhancing the... Nature 339, 690 - 691 (29 Jun 1989), doi: 10.1038/339690a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 228. UK welcomes help from Japan David Swinbanks, Peter Aldhous CONTEXT: ...project, still under negotiation, is on muon-catalysed fusion and is expected to be carried out at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in the United Kingdom. Japan will provide a negative muon channel with superconducting magnets and... Nature 343, 300 - 300 (25 Jan 1990), doi: 10.1038/343300a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 229. Direct evidence for a very large penetration depth in superconducting Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 single crystals J. R. Cooper, L. Forró, B. Keszeit CONTEXT: ...in ref. 6. Alternatively, A can be determined from measurements in the vortex state above Hcl (especially from muon spin relaxation11"13, from Hcl itself5 or from the logarithmic slope of the magnetization curves14. All of these... Nature 343, 444 - 446 (01 Feb 1990), doi: 10.1038/343444a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 230. Signs of variable nucleon size A. W. Thomas, J. E. Thomas CONTEXT: ...that the properties of free nucleons are altered inside a nucleus. Data from high-energy muon scattering on nuclear targets taken by the European Muon Collaboration1 (EMC) at CERN suggest that the nucleon could swell by up to 15 per... Nature 335, 499 - 500 (06 Oct 1988), doi: 10.1038/335499a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 231. Searches for low-temperature nuclear fusion of deuterium in palladium N. S. Lewis, C. A. Barnes, M. J. Heben, A. Kumar, S. R. Lunt, G. E. McManis, G. M. Miskelly, R. M. Penner, M. J. Sailor, P. G. Santangelo, G. A. Shreve, B. J. Tufts, M. G. Youngquist, R. W. Kavanagh, S. E. Kellogg, R. B. Vogelaar, T. R. Wang, R. Kondrat, R. New SUMMARY: A series of experiments has been performed to determine whether nuclear fusion processes occur in palladium rods that have been electrochemically charged with deuterium. With a variety of metal-l CONTEXT: ...energy a-particles. Further cuts were made on the timing spectra between the paddles and counters to reject cosmic-muon-induced neutron production inside the cube. The remaining background rate of 80-120 counts h"1 was due to roughly... Nature 340, 525 - 530 (17 Aug 1989), doi: 10.1038/340525a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 232. Beaming in on the Z0 particle David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...interacting particles from Zá° decays as well as leptons, and has detected 94 pairs of these, together with 12 muon and tau pairs2. The Stanford researchers scan the collision energy through the resonance zone, and count the rate of... Nature 340, 677 - 678 (31 Aug 1989), doi: 10.1038/340677a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 233. Consistent neutrino masses from cosmology and solar physics Dennis W. Sciama CONTEXT: ...improved. New solar neutrino data7 lead to a more precise constraint8,9 on the masses of the electron and either the muon or tau neutrinos if the dearth of detected solar neutrinos is ascribed to resonantly enhanced mixing of... Nature 348, 617 - 618 (13 Dec 1990), doi: 10.1038/348617a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 234. Neutrino physics gets heavy Harry N. Nelson CONTEXT: ...at CERN recently proved5 that there are three types of light neutrino, associ-ated in turn with the electron, the muon and the tau (the three charged 'leptons'). These neutrinos are assumed to have no mass (as well as no electrical... Nature 350, 461 - 462 (11 Apr 1991), doi: 10.1038/350461a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 235. An unconventional family tree N. d'Ambrumenil CONTEXT: ...or dimensionality (two or three) of the various systems involved. The authors actually report measurements of the muon spin relaxation (fxSR) rate, a, rather than A: |jiSR measurements are known to yield the most accurate values for... Nature 352, 472 - 473 (08 Aug 1991), doi: 10.1038/352472a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 236. Is no SNUs good news? Lawrence M. Krauss CONTEXT: ...proposal has to do with the possibility of a mass difference between the electron neutrino and its cousins, the muon and tau neutrinos which are invisible to gallium detectors. If neutrinos have a mass, their mass eigenstates need... Nature 355, 399 - 400 (30 Jan 1992), doi: 10.1038/355399a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 237. Unrequited search for heavy neutrino John Maddox SUMMARY: Is there some impending crisis in the relationship between particle physics, neatly but incompletely described, and the qualitative properties of the Universe at large? CONTEXT: ...difficulty is that Simpson's neutrino cannot be either of the two particles associated with the electron and the muon in the standard scheme of things; the mass is too great for that. But, for the past two years, people have been... Nature 355, 673 - 673 (20 Feb 1992), doi: 10.1038/355673a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 238. Particle physics prize arrives at last Mark Buchanan CONTEXT: ...establish the so-called Standard Model of particle physics, in which six lep-tons - consisting of the electron, the muon and the tau and three corresponding neutrinos - and six associated quarks are the elementary constituents of all... Nature 377, 565 - 566 (19 Oct 1995), doi: 10.1038/377565b0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 239. CERN told to start technical thinking for next collider Alison Abbott SUMMARY: munich The European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN) has begun thinking about the successor to its Large Hadron Collider, a $1.7 billion particle accelerator that will not be built for anot CONTEXT: ...most studied, in the United States and Japan as well as at CERN, is a 5 TeV electron collider. A second option, a muon collider, is particularly challenging technically because of the rapid rate of decay of muons. A third option... Nature 392, 641 - 641 (16 Apr 1998), doi: 10.1038/33498, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 240. The cosmic rain David Miller CONTEXT: ...the muon — the first heavy copy of the electron, as explained in the essay on the “Cosmic Rain” by Owen Lock, who began his PhD work at Bristol just after Cecil Powell had identified the pion as a separate object from the muon.... Nature 396, 642 - 642 (17 Dec 1998), doi: 10.1038/25290, Book Review Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 241. News in Brief CONTEXT: ...has received a $20 million grant to lead US university participation in the design and construction of the Compact Muon Spectrometer, one of the two particle detectors at Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The five-year grant from... Nature 398, 454 - 454 (08 Apr 1999), doi: 10.1038/18953, News in Brief Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 242. Budget crisis forces hard choices on US high-energy physics Colin Macilwain SUMMARY: US high-energy physicists facing deep cuts in their operating budgets have been given six months to come up with a consensus on the future direction of their $700 million research should take. CONTEXT: ...complete a conceptual design for it, and that extended research programmes should investigate two other machines, a muon collider and a very large hadron collider. Some sources in the high-energy physics community say that Rosen... Nature 404, 909 - 910 (27 Apr 2000), doi: 10.1038/35010209, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 243. News in brief CONTEXT: ...require authorization from Congress, appointment by the president, and confirmation by the Senate. CNRS joins in on muon neutrino beamlineParis France's Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) has announced that it will... Nature 405, 726 - 727 (15 Jun 2000), doi: 10.1038/35015772, News in Brief Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 244. Theorists reject challenge to standard model David Adam CONTEXT: ...on the standard model (see Nature 410, 28–29; 2001). The group used the world's largest superconducting magnet — the muon storage ring — to help to measure the magnetic moment of particles called muons, which shows how the particles... Nature 410, 291 - 291 (15 Mar 2001), doi: 10.1038/35066698, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 245. Physicists rally behind linear-collider plan Colin Macilwain CONTEXT: ...States. Meeting organizers say that even physicists exploring other concepts for large physics machines — such as a muon collider or a very large hadron collider — now see a linear collider as the top priority. Alexander Chao, an... Nature 412, 367 - 367 (26 Jul 2001), doi: 10.1038/35086735, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 246. Particle physicsAntimatter matters John Ellis SUMMARY: Matter dominates antimatter, at least in our corner of the Universe. Part of the explanation could be an imbalance between the two at the level of fundamental interactions, encapsulated in the p CONTEXT: ...anti-neutrinos, or a T-violating asymmetry (for example, if the oscillation probability of an electron neutrino to a muon neutrino does not match that of the reverse process). Ideal for the task would be a 'neutrino factory', using a... Nature 424, 631 - 634 (07 Aug 2003), doi: 10.1038/424631a, News and Views Feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 247. A precision measurement of the mass of the top quark SUMMARY: The standard model of particle physics contains parameters?such as particle masses?whose origins are still unknown and which cannot be predicted, but whose values are constrained CONTEXT: ...boson, and we have reexamined those events in which one of the W bosons decays into a charged lepton (electron or muon) and a neutrino, and the other W into a quark and an antiquark (see Fig. 1). These events and their selection... Nature 429, 638 - 642 (10 Jun 2004), doi: 10.1038/nature02589, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 248. ArchaeologyPyramid power Michael Hopkin SUMMARY: Archaeologists have failed to learn the secrets of Mexico's largest ancient monument. Particle physicists might save the day, says Michael Hopkin. CONTEXT: ...field. A muon passing through the detector charges the gas inside it, and the wires pick up the tiny current. With different layers strung in different directions, the researchers can build up a picture of the muon's direction, and... Nature 430, 828 - 828 (18 Aug 2004), doi: 10.1038/430828a, News Feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 249. Particle physicsA finer constant Andrzej Czarnecki SUMMARY: For the first time in a decade, the precision of the fine-structure constant — central to understanding the electromagnetic force — has improved. But even greater accuracy is required to test new CONTEXT: ...sensitivity to physics beyond electromagnetism is creating new opportunities. The electron has a heavier cousin, the muon, whose g-2 has recently been measured. The result disagrees with our understanding of fundamental interactions... Nature 442, 516 - 517 (02 Aug 2006), doi: 10.1038/442516b, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 250. High-energy colliders and the rise of the standard model Terry Wyatt SUMMARY: Over the past quarter of a century, experiments at high-energy particle colliders have established the standard model as the precise theory of particle interactions up to the 100 GeV scale. A ser CONTEXT: ...detectors that measure the tracks produced by charged particles. Calorimeters are used for energy measurement, and muon systems are used for specific identification of those particles. An important feature of such detectors is their... Nature 448, 274 - 280 (18 Jul 2007), doi: 10.1038/nature06075, Insight Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 251. Cosmic rays could reveal hidden uranium HelenR. Pilcher SUMMARY: Particles from outer space may help war against terrorism. CONTEXT: ...the former Soviet Union. There is concern that some could fall into the hands of terrorists. The new device links a muon detector to a computer to build up an image and reveal dense material. The current version, for example, can... News@Nature (17 Mar 2003), doi: 10.1038/news030317-7, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 252. Hope for neutrino detection Philip Ball SUMMARY: Elusive energy-packed particles should give new view cosmos after all. CONTEXT: ...streaming down onto Earth , they are placed deep down below a layer of rock, ice or water. AMANDA (Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array) is searching for neutrinos in holes drilled deep into the Antarctic ice sheet, for... News@Nature (27 May 2002), doi: 10.1038/news020527-3, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 253. From Russia with scintillation Geoff Brumfiel SUMMARY: The story of CERN's crucial crystals. CONTEXT: ...pull from one of their 159 ovens the last of thousands of highly specialized crystals being produced for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS). The CMS, a scientific instrument the size of a building, is being assembled at CERN, the... News@Nature 451, 756 - 757 (13 Feb 2008), doi: 10.1038/451756b, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 254. Snapshot: Search for Higgs primed to start Geoff Brumfiel SUMMARY: Assembly of detector completes Large Hadron Collider. CONTEXT: The final element of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector is gently lowered into place at CERN, Europe's particle-physics laboratory near Geneva in Switzerland. The detector will look for physics beyond the 'standard model' in the... News@Nature 451, 507 - 507 (30 Jan 2008), doi: 10.1038/451507a, News in Brief Full Text | PDF | Save this link 255. Particle physicists hunt for the unexpected Sarah Tomlin SUMMARY: How do you search for something when you don't know what you're looking for? CONTEXT: ...Knuteson also sees the approach as a useful commissioning tool for the LHC. He is hoping that the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment on the LHC will adopt a similar search strategy when they switch on next year, using the... News@Nature (08 May 2007), doi: 10.1038/news070508-3, News Full Text | Save this link 256. Emiliano Feresin SUMMARY: Borexino experiment confirms solar theories. CONTEXT: ...at labs have detected neutrinos and demonstrated that they oscillate between three types (or 'flavours'): electron, muon and tau neutrinos. That cracked many of the bigger questions about neutrinos. But the earlier experiments were... News@Nature (22 Aug 2007), doi: 10.1038/news070820-5, News Full Text | Save this link 257. Dark matter looks to be particularly wimpy David Harris SUMMARY: Experiment shows weakly-interacting particles must be very weak indeed. CONTEXT: ...characteristics of these two events closely, physicists can distinguish between an incoming WIMP and a cosmic ray, muon, neutron, or any other particle penetrating the tank. Removing background noise is the greatest challenge for... News@Nature (17 Apr 2007), doi: 10.1038/news070416-5, News Full Text | Save this link 258. Physics and astronomy research face "catastrophic" cuts Geoff Brumfiel SUMMARY: UK government plans to scrap future collider and slash astronomy grants. CONTEXT: ...cost overrun, in large part by two major facilities the Diamond Light Source synchrotron and the ISIS neutron and muon source, both at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Oxfordshire. A report released this November from a... News@Nature (11 Dec 2007), doi: 10.1038/news.2007.366, News Full Text | Save this link 259. Exchange rate hits US researchers Daniel Cressey SUMMARY: Weak dollar threatens to undermine involvement in foreign projects. CONTEXT: ...It's already starting to hurt and it's making people nervous, says Joel Butler of the US section of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment, another part of the LHC. And it is not just the researchers who are suffering. Local costs... News@Nature 450, 1136 - 1136 (19 Dec 2007), doi: 10.1038/4501136b, News Full Text | PDF | Save this link 260. Earth sciences Ghosts from within William F. McDonough, William F. McDonough SUMMARY: The first detection of geoneutrinos from beneath our feet is a landmark result. It will allow better estimation of the abundances and distributions of radioactive elements in the Earth, and of th CONTEXT: ...neutrinos, come in three varieties, each named after the charged particle with which they are paired: electron, muon and tau. Electron antineutrinos are produced in ß--decays of an atomic nucleus that occur, for example, when... Nature Digest 2, 24, 467 - 25, 468 (27 Jul 2005), doi: 10.1038/ndigest.2005.050924, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 261. The physics of core-collapse supernovae Stan Woosley, Thomas Janka SUMMARY: Supernovae are nature’s grandest explosions and an astrophysical laboratory in which unique conditions exist that are not achievable on Earth. They are also the CONTEXT: ...in a simulation with high resolution, but the transport and interactions of six varieties of neutrinos (electron-, muon- and tau-neutrinos, and their antiparticles) must be followed. The resolution must be high, so as not to make the... Nature Physics 1, 147 - 154 (01 Dec 2005), doi: 10.1038/nphys172, Review Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 262. Particle physics: Do the space-warp Ben Allanach SUMMARY: There is good reason to suppose that the Universe has more than three spatial dimensions. The first dedicated search for warped extra dimensions has drawn CONTEXT: ...its presence by measuring the particle–antiparticle pair. The team searched their data for electron–antielectron, muon–antimuon and photon–photon pairs. Such pairs can, however, be produced by decays of ordinary particles — a Z... Nature Physics 1, 15 - 16 (01 Oct 2005), doi: 10.1038/nphys130, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 263. What lies beneath the dome? D. M. Broun SUMMARY: Numerous experiments on cuprate materials suggest that a zero-temperature phase transition is hidden beneath the superconducting dome. Is it the key to understanding high-temperature superconductivity, CONTEXT: ...dome. Similar results, at two of the same hole-doping levels, were previously obtained from zero-field muon spin-rotation experiments by Jeff Sonier and co-workers on YBa2Cu3O6+x. A number of aspects of the experiments, however, are... Nature Physics 4, 170 - 172 (01 Mar 2008), doi: 10.1038/nphys909, Perspective Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 264. Visualization of the interplay between high-temperature superconductivity, the pseudogap and impurity resonances Kamalesh Chatterjee, M. C. Boyer, W. D. Wise, Takeshi Kondo, T. Takeuchi, H. Ikuta, E. W. Hudson SUMMARY: In conventional superconductors, the superconducting gap in the electronic excitation spectrum prevents scattering of low-energy electrons. In high-temperature superconductors (HTSs), an extra gap, the CONTEXT: ...scale) effects of these resonances have been studied by several probes, such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and muon spin relaxation (SR). A variety of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) studies of impurity resonances in HTSs... Nature Physics 4, 108 - 111 (01 Feb 2008), doi: 10.1038/nphys835, Letters Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 265. A bird's eye view CONTEXT: ...can reach the detector by passing right through the Earth), Abe et al. conclude that, for oscillations of a muon neutrino into a tau neutrino, there is no sign of the mass effect. The analysis does not rule out all variations of the... Nature Physics 4, 263 - 263 (01 Apr 2008), doi: 10.1038/nphys923, Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 266. A high-power laser fusion facility for Europe Mike Dunne SUMMARY: Unprecedented sums of money are being committed to fusion research facilities around the world, yet there is a distinct danger that key opportunities for CONTEXT: ...ability to configure pump/probe experiments using combinations of electron, proton, neutron, X-ray, gamma and even muon beams will permit studies of many other key questions in relativistic plasma physics, excited-state nuclear... Nature Physics 2, 2 - 5 (01 Jan 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys208, Commentary Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 267. Are high-temperature superconductors exotic? D. A. Bonn SUMMARY: High-temperature superconductivity in the copper oxides, first discovered twenty years ago, has led researchers on a wide-ranging quest to understand and use this new CONTEXT: ...far into this regime in the hole-doped materials, showing up as local order on short length scales observed in muon spin relaxation (SR) measurements. In neutron-scattering measurements, this local magnetic order appears as quartets... Nature Physics 2, 159 - 168 (01 Mar 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys248, Review Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 268. To him who waits CONTEXT: ...(him again) and Vladimir Gribov was in the spotlight: neutrinos could oscillate between their three types, electron, muon and tau; the standard model of particle physics needed updating. Following the SNO announcement, John Bahcall... Nature Physics 2, 425 - 425 (01 Jul 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys357, Editorial Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 269. Thesis: Universal effect Lawrence M. Krauss CONTEXT: ...between neutrino types. As a result, we do not even know whether the electron neutrino is heavier than the muon neutrino, or vice versa. All this may change in the near future. New terrestrial experiments and, in particular, new... Nature Physics 2, 495 - 495 (01 Aug 2006), doi: 10.1038/nphys371, Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 270. Quantum magnetism: A watched pot on a quantum stove Dietrich Belitz, Theodore R. Kirkpatrick SUMMARY: Experimental evidence for discontinuous behaviour of the magnetization suggests that ferromagnetic transitions at very low temperatures are different from their high-temperature brethren, for which the CONTEXT: ...parameter (in this case, the magnetization) goes to zero rapidly but continuously. Uemura and co-workers have used a muon spin relaxation (SR) technique to show convincingly that the transitions in MnSi and in Sr1-xCaxRuO3 are first... Nature Physics 3, 15 - 16 (01 Jan 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys485, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 271. This Issue CONTEXT: ...can go through the pressure cell and are highly sensitive to local magnetic fields. Tomo Uemura et al. have used muon spin relaxation measurements to probe both dynamic and static magnetic properties in MnSi and (Sr1-xCax)RuO3. They... Nature Physics 3, v - v (01 Jan 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys518, In This Issue Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 272. Two-dimensional vortices in superconductors Bo Chen, W. P. Halperin, Prasenjit Guptasarma, D. G. Hinks, V. F. Mitrovic acute, A. P. Reyes, P. L. Kuhns SUMMARY: Superconductors have two key characteristics: they expel magnetic field and they conduct electrical current with zero resistance. However, both properties are compromised in high CONTEXT: ...This behaviour is characteristic of the transition from liquid to solid vortex matter such as has been observed by muon spin relaxation (SR) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) in Bi-2212, and NMR in YBCO (ref. 15). Our... Nature Physics 3, 239 - 242 (01 Apr 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys540, Letters Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 273. You can have a look for nothing! CONTEXT: ...produced data that supported the notion of neutrino oscillations — that the three types of neutrino, electron, muon and tau, can change from one into another — and thereby implied that neutrinos have mass. But the LSND data were out... Nature Physics 3, 293 - 293 (01 May 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys616, Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 274. Quantum critical behaviour in the superfluid density of strongly underdoped ultrathin copper oxide films Iulian Hetel, Thomas R. Lemberger, Mohit Randeria SUMMARY: A central challenge in the physics of high-temperature superconductors is to understand superconductivity within a single copper oxide layer or bilayer, the fundamental structural CONTEXT: ...bars extend from the top of the drop to where 1/2 is 5% of its value at T=0. For reference, we include Uemura's muon spin relaxation results on YBCO powders (open black circles), lower critical field, Hc1, measurements on clean YBCO... Nature Physics 3, 700 - 702 (01 Oct 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys707, Letters Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 275. Neutrino Physics: Solar probe David Wark SUMMARY: After 18 years, and some significant setbacks, the first data from Borexino on low-energy solar neutrinos support the existence of neutrino oscillations, and are set CONTEXT: ...challenges into the 1990s — it is assumed that there are three massless, immutable neutrino flavours (electron, muon and tau). However, we now know that neutrinos have mass and that this mass leads them to swap their flavours as they... Nature Physics 3, 682 - 684 (01 Oct 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys743, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 276. Cosmic rays: Try this at home Alison Wright CONTEXT: ...on the right the position of the shower in the array. (The scale is defined in terms of a 'vertical equivalent muon' in a detector.) Many more events are already available for scrutiny — but the publicly available data will only ever... Nature Physics 3, 516 - 516 (01 Aug 2007), doi: 10.1038/nphys692, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 277. Flux crystal growth and thermal stabilities of LiV2O4 Yoshitaka Matsushita, Hiroaki Ueda, Yutaka Ueda SUMMARY: The spinel oxide LiV2O4 is a interesting compound that shows heavy fermion behaviour despite its d-electron system. The large quasiparticle specific heat coefficient (? value) CONTEXT: ...at heavy fermion state in LiV2O4 (A. Shimoyamada et al. manuscript in preparation). Moreover, the results of muon Knight shift measurements showed the presence of inhomogeneous localized magnetic moments in LiV2O4 (ref. 28). These... Nature Materials 4, 845 - 850 (01 Nov 2005), doi: 10.1038/nmat1499, Article Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 278. Large enhancement of the thermopower in NaxCoO2 at high Na doping Minhyea Lee, Liliana Viciu, Lu Li, Yayu Wang, M. L. Foo, S. Watauchi, R. A. Pascal Jr, R. J. Cava, N. P. Ong SUMMARY: Research on the oxide perovskites has uncovered electronic properties that are strikingly enhanced compared with those in conventional metals. Examples are the high critical CONTEXT: ...steep increase. Above xp, the neutron results indicate phase separation (the mixed-phase region is labelled H2+H3). Muon spin rotation, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and susceptibility experiments also suggest mixed phases in... Nature Materials 5, 537 - 540 (01 Jul 2006), doi: 10.1038/nmat1669, Letters Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 279. Quantum-spin-liquid states in the two-dimensional kagome antiferromagnets : Zn: x: Cu: 4-: x: (OD): 6: Cl: 2 S.-H. Lee, H. Kikuchi, Y. Qiu, B. Lake, Q. Huang, K. Habicht, K. Kiefer SUMMARY: A three-dimensional system of interacting spins typically develops static long-range order when it is cooled. If the spins are quantum (S=1/2), however, novel quantum paramagnetic states may app CONTEXT: ...well above its Néel phase (TN=7 K) (red circles in Fig. 2a). Indeed, previous specific-heat, bulk-susceptibility and muon-spin-resonance measurements indicated a transition at ~18 K. This confirms that the development of the... Nature Materials 6, 853 - 857 (26 Aug 2007), doi: 10.1038/nmat1986, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 280. Experimental Physics at Liverpool CONTEXT: ...his team, the discovery of the rare mode of decay of a pion directly into an electron instead of through the normal muon, is considered as of exceptional importance in confirming the theorists' general conception of these particles.... Nature 185, 284 - 284 (30 Jan 1960), doi: 10.1038/185284a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 281. Are the Laws of Nature Symmetrical? O. R. FRISCH CONTEXT: ...which go by weak interactions have been discovered : the spontaneous transformation of a pion (pi-meson) into a muon (mu-meson), or a neutral lambda-hyperon into a pion and a proton. All those transformations happen within less than... Nature 187, 638 - 641 (20 Aug 1960), doi: 10.1038/187638a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 282. Physics Letters CONTEXT: ...January 28 and March 13. They include letters from CERN on a new measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon; and from CISE (Milan) on an application of silicon detectors to measurements of monoenergetic neutron beams,... Nature 194, 1021 - 1021 (16 Jun 1962), doi: 10.1038/1941021e0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 283. Short Reviews R. G. MOORHOUSE CONTEXT: ...Higher-energy protons should provide tests of theories of weak interactions (particularly by giving neutrino and muon beams) and should help to elucidate diffraction scattering and the asymptotic behaviour of cross-sections at high... Nature 194, 73 - 73 (07 Apr 1962), doi: 10.1038/194073a0, Supplement to Nature PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 284. The Case for an Exponential Red Shift Law P. F. BROWNE CONTEXT: ...On this basis it is argued that mesons are assemblies of spin-spin coupled electrons and positrons. For example, the muon consists of three elementary particles, and the pion four. Each elementary charge contributes ~ (137/2)me2 to... Nature 193, 1019 - 1021 (17 Mar 1962), doi: 10.1038/1931019a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 285. Prof. Arturo Duperier P. M. S. BLACKETT CONTEXT: ...method was to assume that the intensity varied both with the atmospheric pressure and with the unknown height of the muon-producing layer, and then to determine that value for the height of the layer for niuon formation which gave... Nature 183, 1015 - 1016 (11 Apr 1959), doi: 10.1038/1831015a0, Obituary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 286. Spatial Asymmetries in ??µ Decay J. M. CASSELS CONTEXT: ...of Nuclear Research near Moscow. The TU-[i decay events were classified into two groups, depending on whether the muon momentum was directed forwards or backwards with respect to the pion momentum immediately before stopping. In a... Nature 180, 1245 - 1245 (07 Dec 1957), doi: 10.1038/1801245a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 287. Natural Constants SAMUEL C. HORNING CONTEXT: ...is evidence of the existence of an incremental unit of mass equal to (Me/2) (I/a) or rc/a. Particle Electron (Me) Muon 7t+ meson A Hyperon + Hyperon 3- Hyperon EL+ meson Proton (Mp) Neutron (Mn) Table 2 Mass constant 2 n Mn + 5rc/a... Nature 195, 587 - 587 (11 Aug 1962), doi: 10.1038/195587a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 288. Particle Structure S. C. HORNING CONTEXT: ...combine the result is a particle of zero mass and zero charge or a neutrino. The charged TT meson decomposes into a muon and a neutrino. The neutrino formed could have meson components or it could be a double neutrino since it has... Nature 197, 369 - 369 (26 Jan 1963), doi: 10.1038/197369a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 289. Announcements CONTEXT: ...years, to continue working in the Department of Physics, University of Liverpool, on the determination of the pion-muon mass difference and the mass of the neutrino. A Bibliography of Russian Literature in English Translation to 1900... Nature 198, 740 - 740 (25 May 1963), doi: 10.1038/198740c0, Announcements PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 290. Energy Spectrum of Primary Cosmic Rays in the Range 1010?1015 eV G. BROOKE, P. J. HAYMAN, Y. KAMIYA, A. W. WOLFENDALE CONTEXT: ...spectrum of muons was taken from the work of Hayman et al.1 and the proton data are those of Brooke et al.2. The muon spectrum has been used to derive the production spectrum of the parent pions assuming that the majority of the... Nature 198, 1293 - 1294 (29 Jun 1963), doi: 10.1038/1981293a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 291. The European Organization for Nuclear Research: Present Status CONTEXT: ...construction) and an experiment for the accurate measurement of the anomalous part of the magnetic moment of the muon. Two experiments using hydrogen bubble chambers are just starting ; the first, using a 25 cm. diameter chamber... Nature 184, 944 - 945 (26 Sep 1959), doi: 10.1038/184944a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 292. High-Energy Physics S. WEINTROUB CONTEXT: ...neutrons emitted in -m decay differs from that emitted in nuclear decay. The increasing amount of evidence that the muon is equal to the electron in all its properties except that of mass, and other details about weak interactions,... Nature 200, 99 - 100 (12 Oct 1963), doi: 10.1038/200099b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 293. High-Energy Nuclear Physics: Achievements and Future Developments C. C. BUTLER CONTEXT: ...masses. The pion is not a stable particle; it decays spontaneously into a lighter particle called a ?-meson, or muon, and a neutrino?a particle of zero mass. The life-time of this process is about 2 x 10?8 sec. The muons were first... Nature 206, 763 - 769 (22 May 1965), doi: 10.1038/206763a0, Article PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 294. A Cosmological Model J. M. WHITTAKER CONTEXT: ...an energy, interpreted as being due to surface tension, has recently been proposed by Dirac3 in his theory of the muon as an excited state of the election. Hypothesis B gives: L = (m/37ra3) a where m and a are the mass and radius of... Nature 209, 491 - 492 (29 Jan 1966), doi: 10.1038/209491a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 295. Neutrino Energy Losses from Vibrating Neutron Stars C. J. HANSEN CONTEXT: ...where e = Ep(n) - Ep(p) - Ep(e) MeV (3o) ;i = Ep(n) - EF(p) - Ep(\i) MeV (36) PF(&) and PF(\^) are the electron and muon Fermi momenta, and pjy is nuclear density equal to 3-7 x 1014 g/cm3. Lv is a function of time because the Fermi... Nature 211, 1069 - 1070 (03 Sep 1966), doi: 10.1038/2111069a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 296. Proposed Search for Antimatter among Hydrogen-like Atoms in the Ambiplasma W. A. BARKER, F. A. COSTANZI, J. B. DRAHMANN, W. HONZIK, D. MONOHAN, T. SIMKO, M. WILLIAMS CONTEXT: ...positrons. We have made some calculations relating to this question in which we include the positive and negative muon in the ambiplasma together with the four particles in Alfven's model2. Radiation from positronium (e-e), protonium... Nature 211, 1383 - 1384 (24 Sep 1966), doi: 10.1038/2111383a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 297. Do Low-energy Cosmic-ray Electrons indicate Very Heavy Primaries? KARL A. BRUNSTEIN SUMMARY: Supernovae are the likely origin of cosmic ray nuclei. This is because beams of cosmic rays seem to contain nuclei heavier than iron in astrophysically significant quantities. CONTEXT: ...quickly for a lower dS/dJ. Number of showers with one track below the first plate versus shower energy (entire mine muon distribution). The curve was calculated from pair production and knock-on theories and from Wilson's charts. The... Nature 218, 649 - 652 (18 May 1968), doi: 10.1038/218649a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 298. Formation of Sparks by Several Electron Avalanches ALFRED FROHLICH SUMMARY: In a spark chamber, interaction between electron avalanches causes the resultant spark to incline along the particle track. At an angle of incidence greater than about 35° the sparks tend t CONTEXT: ...each other out, so that the sparks tended to follow the direction of the applied field rather than the track of the muon. The theoretical predictions here agree with experimental results reviewed elsewhere78. They all show the sparks... Nature 215, 1362 - 1363 (23 Sep 1967), doi: 10.1038/2151362a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 299. Evidence for the Existence of Cosmic Ray Particles with Energy ? 5×1019 eV D. ANDREWS, A. C. EVANS, R. J. O. REID, R. M. TENNENT, A. A. WATSON, J. G. WILSON SUMMARY: The analysis of an extremely energetic air shower produced by a primary cosmic ray particle of energy ? 5×1019 eV is described. The flux of particles of this energy is shown to be g CONTEXT: ...to the electron?photon complex is assigned unit weight per incident electron, the response for each incident muon proves to have weight greater than two. The Haverah Park detectors therefore, among other features, are relatively more... Nature 219, 343 - 346 (27 Jul 1968), doi: 10.1038/219343a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 300. Magnetic Cut-off of Extragalactic Protons in the Galactic Disk K. O. THIELHEIM, W. LANGHOFF CONTEXT: ...though still inconclusive, investigations in the high energy region E> ~1014 eV, by the measurement of the muon content1 or from the core structure of extensive air showers2 in connexion with Monte Carlo simulations of cascade... Nature 219, 355 - 357 (27 Jul 1968), doi: 10.1038/219355b0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 301. Elementary Particles: Lepton Number Test CONTEXT: ...include independent contributions from muons and electrons (with their associated neutrinos and antineutrinos). The muon lepton number, Lp, is defined as + 1 for pr and vp ; - 1 for IJL+ and vp, and 0 for all other particles. The... Nature 223, 887 - 887 (30 Aug 1969), doi: 10.1038/223887b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 302. Small Particles G. R. BISHOP CONTEXT: ...a readable account, pointing out the salient features of their subject, is fulfilled here. The final chapter treats muon and neutrino interactions in a somewhat cursory fashion and apparently to justify the word lepton in the title... Nature 223, 651 - 651 (09 Aug 1969), doi: 10.1038/223651b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 303. A Record Cosmic Ray Primary? A correspondent CONTEXT: ...shows large fluctuations between neighbouring stations and cannot strictly be called uniform. Furthermore, the muon densities as measured by the underground detectors might indicate that the core is closer to the detectors than is... Nature 235, 193 - 193 (28 Jan 1972), doi: 10.1038/235193a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 304. Elementary Particles and Cosmology A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...by all the muons in the universe and vice versa. The electron is lighter because there are fewer muons. The muon is heavier because there are more electrons. Moreover, if the universe had originally had perfect symmetry and equal... Nature 238, 69 - 70 (14 Jul 1972), doi: 10.1038/238069a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 305. General: Effectiveness of Combining Title Words and Index Terms in Machine Retrieval Searches H. LEONARD FISHER, DENNIS R. ELCHESEN CONTEXT: ...Dosi- Radiation Effects metric Crystals of Lith- ium Fluoride 37605 9 Measurement of Electro- Quantum production of Muon Electrodynamics Pairs 50807 24 Cytogenetic Effects of Low- Man Dose Internal and Exter- nal Radiations Many of... Nature 238, 109 - 110 (14 Jul 1972), doi: 10.1038/238109a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 306. Visual Sensations Produced by Cosmic Ray Muons W. N. CHARMAN, CHRISTINA M. ROWLANDS CONTEXT: ...head to select muons passing laterally through either both eyes or through the visual cortex. In each position, a muon detected by the counter telescope actuated a sealer and a loudspeaker to give a click audible to the observer. A... Nature 232, 574 - 575 (20 Aug 1971), doi: 10.1038/232574a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 307. Evidence for Solar Particle Production above ?75 GeV STEPHEN M. SCHINDLER, PHILIP D. KEARNEY SUMMARY: Observations of solar particles in the energy region above ?75 GeV provide good evidence for particle acceleration during the initial phase of a solar flare. CONTEXT: ...namely ~45 west of the Earth?Sun line, and essentially in the plane of the ecliptic. Our detector is a narrow-angle muon telescope, consisting of three in-line plastic scintillators and two narrow-gap spark chambers. Each... Nature 237, 503 - 505 (30 Jun 1972), doi: 10.1038/237503a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 308. Cosmic Rays and Scaling CONTEXT: ...the primary particles of energy ~1014 eV. They show that there is a significant difference in the number of multiple muon events observable underground on the two hypotheses. The experimental data obtained by Keuffel and his... Nature 236, 59 - 59 (10 Mar 1972), doi: 10.1038/236059b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 309. Fundamental Constants R. H. DALITZ CONTEXT: ...The original article was prompted in part by improved measurements for electrodynamic quantities (for example, the muon ^-factor, the Lamb shift in deuterium, the hyperfine splitting in muonium, the fine structure of hydrogen), and... Nature 227, 976 - 976 (29 Aug 1970), doi: 10.1038/227976a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 310. Elementary Particles: Out with the Old A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...boson. Such a neutral current is expected to give rise to the decay of the K£ meson into a positive and a negative muon. Two experiments were reported which looked for the effect. One of them saw five events, and the claim made is... Nature 239, 309 - 310 (06 Oct 1972), doi: 10.1038/239309a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 311. Search of Electrodynamic Radiative Corrections for Time Variations A. M. AURELA CONTEXT: ...particular the Lamb shifts S(n,Z) (in Robiscoe's notation4) and the anomalous magnetic moments of the electron and muon, ae and a^ should show simultaneous, correlated time variations. The model can be developed further by assuming... Nature 228, 985 - 986 (05 Dec 1970), doi: 10.1038/228985a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 312. High Energy Physics RICHARD WILSON CONTEXT: ...and muons at high momentum transfers agree well with calculation; the difference of the g factor of the free muon from the Dirac value of 2, measured at CERN by Dr Farley and collaborators, now agrees with theory. A recent... Nature 226, 983 - 984 (06 Jun 1970), doi: 10.1038/226983b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 313. Nuclear Interactions P. E. HODGSON CONTEXT: ...unusual hadron currents and interactions, and the lepton current and the neutrino. The next two chapters consider muon capture (27 pages) and the weak interaction potential (14 pages). The weak-interaction aspects of nuclear... Nature 244, 583 - 583 (31 Aug 1973), doi: 10.1038/244583a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 314. Possible explanations of the ?high? number of counts in the solar neutrino experiment W. S. PALLISTER, A. W. WOLFENDALE CONTEXT: ...contribution from protons, 'knocked on' by fast cosmic ray muons to the reaction 37C1 (p,n)37Ar. Knowledge of the muon spectrum, nuclear cross section, and yield of 37Ar atoms per interaction (a (Energy transfer)0,7, following... Nature 251, 488 - 489 (11 Oct 1974), doi: 10.1038/251488a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 315. Possible cosmic dust origin of terrestrial plutonium-244 KOH SAKAMOTO CONTEXT: ...fission of uranium in rocks13-14, spallation reactions on xenon in the upper atmosphere15, and neutron and muon reactions on tellurium16'17. An estimate of the additions from these reactions has been obtained by Edwards and his... Nature 248, 130 - 132 (08 Mar 1974), doi: 10.1038/248130a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 316. Physicists talking PHILIP ROE CONTEXT: ...in a short contribution throw out a simple model of quantised retarded forces in which the electron and the muon appear as eigensolutions subject to the correctness of guesses about the bare masses and angular momenta of the particle... Nature 248, 715 - 716 (19 Apr 1974), doi: 10.1038/248715c0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 317. Betas and muons D. J. MILLER CONTEXT: ...tabulates. The second half of the main text is devoted to the chief business of the book, a review of beta decay and muon capture as tools for nuclear structure physics. The presentation is pedestrian, but the details of individual... Nature 250, 685 - 686 (23 Aug 1974), doi: 10.1038/250685b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 318. Nuclear structure P. E. Hodgson CONTEXT: ...electron capture, antineutrino absorption, electron?neutrino angular correlation, the 'helicity of the neutrino, muon decay, vector currents, forbidden beta decay and absorption of muons by nuclei. This brief summary of the main... Nature 252, 140 - 141 (08 Nov 1974), doi: 10.1038/252140b0, Book Review Supplement PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 319. Superconducting flux structure probed with positive muons P. G. Harper CONTEXT: ONE of the characters making a brief appearance in the drama of parity non-conservation (1956) was the positive muon (µ+). This fundamental particle is analogous to the positron, but differs in mass (about 130 times larger), and... Nature 252, 635 - 636 (20 Dec 1974), doi: 10.1038/252635a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 320. Primordial origins of chirality K. L. KOVACS, A. S. GARAY CONTEXT: ...variety of experiments (differential decomposition of enantiomers bombarded by ß--rays, spin-polarised positron and muon annihilation in enantiomers). In a new approach to this problem we carried out the crystallisation of DL-NaNH4... Nature 254, 538 - 538 (10 Apr 1975), doi: 10.1038/254538a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 321. Search for selectivity in interactions of chiral solvated electrons MARY M. ULRICH, DAVID C. WALKER CONTEXT: ...This suggests that dissymmetry must be transmitted through secondary chemical reactions. In the positron and muon experiments the ultimate fate of the individual polarised particles were studied in pure crystalline chiral media and... Nature 258, 418 - 419 (04 Dec 1975), doi: 10.1038/258418a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 322. Cosmic rays at Munich A Correspondent CONTEXT: ...close to the North Galactic Pole-strongly indicating a non-Galactic origin. Arrival direction analysis of 'muon-rich' EAS (Nottingham University group) gives indication that heavy cosmic ray primaries at lower energies (1017-1018 eV)... Nature 257, 361 - 362 (02 Oct 1975), doi: 10.1038/257361a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 323. Charm: what else could it be? W. T. Toner CONTEXT: ...hundred tons composed of iron slabs interleaved with scintillation counters and spark chambers reported two "di-muon" events at the 1974 conference (see C. Rubbia, loc. cit. IV-119) and were later able to show with many more events... Nature 259, 622 - 623 (26 Feb 1976), doi: 10.1038/259622a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 324. 400 GeV ? and beyond David Davies SUMMARY: Experiments begin soon on the 400-GeV Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) at CERN, Geneva. David Davies has been visiting the laboratory CONTEXT: ...an experiment on the decay characteristics of these particles will be watched with interest. A third will be the muon facility in the North Area. It is also a mark of CERN's distinctive character that although roughly half of all... Nature 264, 306 - 307 (25 Nov 1976), doi: 10.1038/264306a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 325. Calculations for cancer radiotherapy with pion beams J. E. Turner, R. N. Hamm, H. A. Wright SUMMARY: Clinical trials with negative-pion beams for cancer radiotherapy will begin soon at four special facilities in the USA, Canada, and Switzerland. Negative pions are elementary particles which can CONTEXT: ...sources: pion ionisation (n), heavy particles and protons generated from interactions of pions in flight (h+p), muon contamination (uc), electron contamination (e), heavy particles and protons generated from interactions of stopped... Nature 263, 195 - 198 (16 Sep 1976), doi: 10.1038/263195a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 326. PETRA: come and help David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...to reconstruct charged-particle tracks coming from e+ e? collisions, and it is surrounded by electron, photon and muon detectors. Other schemes were also suggested which laid greater stress on detecting electrons and photons in... Nature 260, 193 - 193 (18 Mar 1976), doi: 10.1038/260193a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 327. In Brief CONTEXT: ...experimental physics division will be Dr Erwin Gabathuler (43), from Britain. He has been project leader, European muon collaboration, since 1974. Before that he was responsible for the Daresbury-based programme at CERN. Nature 268, 293 - 293 (28 Jul 1977), doi: 10.1038/268293a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 328. State of the Universe Stuart Sharrock CONTEXT: ...this. The initiated?whom are not synonymous with the intelligent?will no doubt find details which irritate. The muon, for instance, may well just be a heavy electron but it has had its own identity for decades; I find the label... Nature 266, 787 - 787 (28 Apr 1977), doi: 10.1038/266787a0, Book Review Supplement PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 329. Nuclear shapes and sizes C. J. Batty CONTEXT: ...range of topics. The charge distribution, and hence the proton distribution, can be sensed with the electron or the muon through the electromagnetic interaction, and we now have quite detailed information available from measurements... Nature 270, 135 - 136 (10 Nov 1977), doi: 10.1038/270135a0, Book Review Supplement PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 330. A chaotic cosmology John D. Barrow SUMMARY: An anisotropic, inhomogeneous cosmological model is proposed in which the inhomogeneity is generated by shear fluctuations. This is a sufficient condition for dissipative heating by collisional n CONTEXT: ...to a discussion of the dynamics. It is at this temperature that the viscous action of decoupling electron and muon neutrinos can lead to the damping of the expansion anisotropy. We consider the equilibrium neutrino case, with the... Nature 267, 117 - 120 (12 May 1977), doi: 10.1038/267117a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 331. Possible use of 41Ca for radioactive dating G. M. RAISBECK, F. YIOU CONTEXT: ...at such low concentrations one must begin to worry about other rare production modes, such as those induced by muon capture or natural radioactivity. However, even here a comparison of the injection ratio of 41Ca/40Ca with that found... Nature 277, 42 - 44 (04 Jan 1979), doi: 10.1038/277042a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 332. News in Brief CONTEXT: ...possibly two new quarks. In the past he participated in the first observation of the non-conservation of parity in muon decay, and in the demonstration of the existence of two different kinds of neutrinos. Professor Lederman succeeds... Nature 276, 9 - 9 (02 Nov 1978), doi: 10.1038/276009a0, News in Brief PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 333. High energy neutrino astronomy David Eichler, David N. Schramm SUMMARY: The possibility of doing point source neutrino astronomy is discussed. Probable sources include galactic nuclei, Seyferts, quasars, radio galaxies, pulsars and supernovae. CONTEXT: ...Seyferts, quasars, radio galaxies, pulsars and supernovae. THE possibility of building a very large deep underwater muon and neutrino detector (DUMAND)1, which would look at the interactions of neutrinos produced by cosmic rays... Nature 275, 704 - 706 (26 Oct 1978), doi: 10.1038/275704a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 334. Neutrinos from binary pulsars DAVID EICHLER CONTEXT: ...luminosities of the order 1038 erg s-1. Discussion of feasible neutrino telescopes (such as/the deep underwater muon and neutrino detector, DUMAND1–4) suggests that fluxes from point sources as small as 102-1 eV cm-2 s-1 in high... Nature 275, 725 - 726 (26 Oct 1978), doi: 10.1038/275725b0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 335. Atomic spectroscopy at Orsay Anne Thorne CONTEXT: ...and Yale Universities, conducted at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory. In the case of muonium, the ratio of the muon and proteon magnetic moments and the hyperfine splitting of the ground state are independently determined, and... Nature 281, 13 - 14 (06 Sep 1979), doi: 10.1038/281013b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 336. Are supergroups the next step for electro-weak interactions? J.G. Taylor CONTEXT: ...to normal matter. Another prediction which can also be tested in about 1981 is that no lepton like the electron or muon can have mass larger than about 54 GeV. The above theory can also be extended to include strong interactions.... Nature 281, 17 - 18 (06 Sep 1979), doi: 10.1038/281017a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 337. Proton?electron mass ratio JOHN F. CRAWFORD CONTEXT: ...standard deviations. It is also perhaps worth drawing attention to the apparent tendency of stable hadrons (and the muon) to have masses which are integral multiples of 3mo, the threefold electron mass. This has been discussed by R.... Nature 269, 194 - 194 (15 Sep 1977), doi: 10.1038/269194b0, Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 338. UPSI-DESY David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...collisions, it was narrow-within the resolution of the experiment-and it decayed into a pair of leptons (muon and antimuon or electron and positron). Unlike the \\t its properties were not immediately checked by seeing it in... Nature 273, 705 - 705 (29 Jun 1978), doi: 10.1038/273705a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 339. Bernard Gregory, 1919?1977 M. Jacob, L. Van Hove CONTEXT: ...With it, a large number of results were obtained on the decay of strange particles, notably the demonstration of the muon-neutrino decay mode of the K meson, whose existence played an important part in the understanding of the weak... Nature 272, 387 - 388 (23 Mar 1978), doi: 10.1038/272387a0, Obituary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 340. L. Jánossy George D. Rochester CONTEXT: ...development. He again set up a cosmic ray research group which did notable work on the time variations of the muon component and on extensive air showers and maintained close contacts with similar groups in the U.K. His other... Nature 272, 656 - 656 (13 Apr 1978), doi: 10.1038/272656b0, Obituary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 341. PETRA puts European physics in the lead Robert Walgate CONTEXT: ...to the highest energies (38 GeV) to measure the total cross section for producing hadrons, divided by that for muon pairs. This quantity, R, made famous by experiments on charm, will tell the physicists how much interesting physics... Nature 274, 202 - 202 (20 Jul 1978), doi: 10.1038/274202a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 342. Is unification really true? Norman Dombey CONTEXT: ...be considered as a function of momentum transfer q and not as a fundamental constant, and that the electron and muon neutrinos would have different interactions with the electromagnetic field, and therefore different values of sin2?... Nature 279, 675 - 677 (21 Jun 1979), doi: 10.1038/279675a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 343. Concise cosmology Joseph Silk CONTEXT: ...at decoupling, simply because the density was 1000 times the average density of matter within our galaxy. Only muon neutrinos and antineutrinos decouple at IO12 K, whereas electron neutrinos and antineutrinos decouple at IO10 K... Nature 272, 787 - 788 (27 Apr 1978), doi: 10.1038/272787a0, Book Review Supplement PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 344. Announcements CONTEXT: ...Secretariat, 31 Plane Tree Way, Woodstock, Oxford, UK). 4-7 September, 1st International Topical Meeting on Muon Spin Rotation, Rorschach (Conference Secretariat, c/o Schweiz. Institut fur Nuklearforschung (SIN) CH-5234 Villigen,... Nature 274, 520 - 520 (03 Aug 1978), doi: 10.1038/274520a0, Announcements PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 345. Neutrinos from neutron stars DAVID J. HELFAND CONTEXT: ...and the consequent number of point sources detectable at the sensitivity threshold of the proposed deep underwater muon and neutrino detector1 (DUMAND) array. Pulsars, with their huge magnetic and electric fields and their ready... Nature 278, 720 - 721 (19 Apr 1979), doi: 10.1038/278720a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 346. Decaying charm D. J. Miller CONTEXT: ...to give charmed particles in the final state. Without the information from the bubble chamber, and its associated muon detector to establish the changed current, it would take hundreds of man-years to scan a large emulsion stack for... Nature 279, 287 - 288 (24 May 1979), doi: 10.1038/279287a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 347. High energy jets M. G. Albrow CONTEXT: ...fall into three classes (see the review article by Mulvey Nature 278, 403; 1979). These are the leptons (electron, muon, tau and neutrinos), supposedly fundamental particles with half unit of intrinsic angular momentum (spin) which... Nature 279, 289 - 290 (24 May 1979), doi: 10.1038/279289a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 348. One culture bridging two Christine King SUMMARY: Samuel Ting, discoverer of the J particle, is a Chinese scientist living and working in the West. Here he talks to Christine King CONTEXT: ...to investigating the decay of photon-like particles, and searching for new particles which decayed to electron or muon pairs. In 1971 he returned with his group to the US and began experiments at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.... Nature 282, 228 - 228 (15 Nov 1979), doi: 10.1038/282228a0, News in Brief PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 349. Why unify? Howard Georgi SUMMARY: Unified gauge theories (such as SU(5)) of particle interactions are built on the colour SU(3) and SU(2) × U(1) gauge theories which apparently describe strong and weak and electromagnetic CONTEXT: ...with all the evidence for SU(3)xSU(2)xU(l) is the suggestive and mysterious family structure. Historically, the muon, its neutrino and the strange and charmed quarks were crucial in unravelling the structure of SU(3) x SU(2) x U(l).... Nature 288, 649 - 651 (18 Dec 1980), doi: 10.1038/288649a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 350. Announcements CONTEXT: ...and Regulation, Kyoto (Prof. Ryo Kido, ISTRY-SO KYOTO, Wakayama Medical College, Wakayama 640, Japan). 11-15 August, Muon Spin Rotation, Vancouver 0*SR2 Conference Secretariat, c/o TRIUMF, University of British Columbia, Vancouver,... Nature 284, 710 - 712 (24 Apr 1980), doi: 10.1038/284710a0, Announcements PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 351. Constraints on heavy neutrinos Doug Toussaint, Frank Wilczek CONTEXT: ...neutrino with mass < 35 MeV can come from p+?m +v with a mixing factor sin2 qm measuring its participation in the muon charged current. Another source could be p+?m +v, with the usual kinematic suppression undone for heavy neutrinos:... Nature 289, 777 - 778 (26 Feb 1981), doi: 10.1038/289777a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 352. A search for ultra high-energy ?-ray bursts from celestial sources P. N. Bhat, N. V. Gopalakrishnan, S. K. Gupta, P. V. Ramana Murthy, B. V. Sreekantan, S. C. Tonwar CONTEXT: ...electronics set at a threshold of 0.33 of the average pulse height for a vertically penetrating incident cosmic ray muon. The scintillators are, therefore, fully sensitive to single charged particles. Low-energy air showers are... Nature 284, 433 - 434 (03 Apr 1980), doi: 10.1038/284433a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 353. Ultrasensitive mass spectrometry using accelerators K.W. Allen CONTEXT: ...mines to minimise the I129 background from radiative neutron capture in Te128, (the neutrons coming from energetic muon interactions), but the occurence of tellurium in association with gold and silver, which both encourages mining... Nature 287, 14 - 14 (04 Sep 1980), doi: 10.1038/287014a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 354. New observational constraints on the M87 jet J. T. Stocke, G. H. Rieke, M. J. Lebofsky SUMMARY: New observations at 1.6?3.45 µm confirm the presence of a dramatic (?? ? 1) break between radio?IR wavelengths and 6,000 ?, in the spectrum o CONTEXT: ...the identical spectra of all the knots. Such a proton beam produces electrons by p-p collisions and subsequent muon decay into energetic electrons and ? rays. Using the formalism of Gould and Burbidge19, Feiten1, derives the... Nature 294, 319 - 322 (26 Nov 1981), doi: 10.1038/294319a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 355. The early Universe Edward W. Kolb, Michael S. Turner SUMMARY: In the past few years one of the most exciting areas of research in physics has been the interdisciplinary field of cosmology and particle physics. The NSF's Institute for Theoretical Physics in CONTEXT: ...in the 3 K microwave background, in low temperature searches for fractional charge states, in deep underwater muon and neutrino detectors, and even in a proposed monopole search at an iron-ore processing plant. Traditionally, the... Nature 294, 521 - 526 (10 Dec 1981), doi: 10.1038/294521a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 356. Solar activity and solar neutrino flux L. J. Lanzerotti, R. S. Raghavan CONTEXT: ...can be related to solar neutrino units (1 SNU = 1036 neutrino captures per target particle per s) by subtracting a muon background (0.08 atoms per day) and multiplying by 5.31. It is evident that there is a wide range of variability... Nature 293, 122 - 124 (10 Sep 1981), doi: 10.1038/293122a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 357. Negative exotic particles as low-temperature fusion catalysts and geochemical distribution Christian K. Jørgensen CONTEXT: ...two deuterons, providing a one-stage fusion catalysis, if the quark has a much longer lifetime than the negative muon known11 to promote fusion in liquid hydrogen. If the stellar interior contains a small concentration of X which... Nature 292, 41 - 43 (02 Jul 1981), doi: 10.1038/292041a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 358. Neutrinos of non-zero mass in Friedmann universes P. S. JOSHI, S. M. CHITRE CONTEXT: ...possible mass density p0 for closed and open models. Let us consider neutrinos and antineutrinos of electron, muon and tau type, each having the same mass m. The present number density, nVi(Q) of relic neutrinos and antineutrinos of... Nature 293, 679 - 679 (22 Oct 1981), doi: 10.1038/293679a0, Matters Arising PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 359. Proton decays and high-energy speculation Louis Lyons CONTEXT: ...at 99 per cent of the speed of light. The lifetime of the T particle, the heavier version of the electron and the muon, is also in the latter range. The conference saw a series of measurements of these lifetimes, which now begin to... Nature 299, 295 - 296 (23 Sep 1982), doi: 10.1038/299295a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 360. A giant leap for physics ? where to? Robert Walgate SUMMARY: Physicists in Geneva have discovered the intermediate vector boson; and in an experiment under Lake Eyrie the proton has failed to decay. CONTEXT: ...of contemporary theoretical physics. It is thus all too easy to jump to conclusions. Wary physicists remember the muon - a particle loudly hailed as the pion until it turned out to be the new and totally unpredicted heavy electron.... Nature 301, 285 - 285 (27 Jan 1983), doi: 10.1038/301285a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 361. Neutrino search: New plan causes a stir Stephen Budiansky CONTEXT: ...the Pacific Ocean floor off the coast of Hawaii. Unlike existing neutrino detectors, "Dumand" (for "deep underwater muon and neutrino detection") will search for very high energy neutrinos thought to be produced by astronomical... Nature 304, 576 - 576 (18 Aug 1983), doi: 10.1038/304576a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 362. What will come after the Z0? Robert Walgate SUMMARY: CERN now seems confident that it has observed five examples of the Z0 particle, a kind of heavy photon. What is there left to do? CONTEXT: ...are created, among them Ws and Zs. UA1 now has four Zs decaying into an electron and a positron, and one into muon (heavy electron) and antimuon. The mass appears to be "about" 95 GeV - less than the figure rumoured for the first... Nature 303, 473 - 473 (09 Jun 1983), doi: 10.1038/303473a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 363. Super theories Abdus Salam CONTEXT: ...currently in progress. In the supersymmetric models the favourite decay is likely to be the proton decaying into a muon plus a kaon rather than the non-supersymmetric decay into a positron plus pion (searched for hitherto and... Nature 307, 297 - 298 (19 Jan 1984), doi: 10.1038/307297a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 364. Recollections of physics R.H. Dalitz CONTEXT: ...experimenters were so clearly spelling out. Evidence of the two-meson sequence p+ ?*µ+, the decay of a pion into a muon. This photomicrograph, here much reduced, appeared in the paper by C.M.G. Lattes, H. Muirhead, G. P. S.... Nature 308, 383 - 384 (22 Mar 1984), doi: 10.1038/308383a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 365. Astrophysics: Neutrinos and the Sun Virginia Trimble CONTEXT: ...Two backgrounds are important, muons and neutrinos. E. Fireman (Center for Astrophysics) is currently checking the muon background adjacent to Da vis's tank using several thousand gallons of potassium hydroxide. The rationale behind... Nature 311, 608 - 609 (18 Oct 1984), doi: 10.1038/311608a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 366. Particle people compile data John Maddox SUMMARY: The latest compilation of particle physics data is a monument not merely to those who discover new particles but also to those who have improved the accuracy of what is known. CONTEXT: ...and an antiquark, not necessarily of the same breed. In retrospect, it is clear that the most familiar mesons (the muon and pion) and the less massive of the two strange particles discovered in the late 1940s are made only of the... Nature 309, 306 - 306 (24 May 1984), doi: 10.1038/309306a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 367. Low-temperature physics: Do cosmic rays account for superfluid 3He transition? P.V.E. McClintock CONTEXT: ...to this apparent impasse is based upon a consideration of the events that should follow the transit of a cosmic ray muon of about 2 GeV through the supercooled liquid, as can be expected every few minutes. The immediate consequences... Nature 312, 595 - 596 (13 Dec 1984), doi: 10.1038/312595a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 368. Neutrino tomography: Tevatron mapping versus the neutrino sky Thomas L. Wilson CONTEXT: ...scheme, as we shall demonstrate. Tomographic mapping of the Earth is illustrated in Fig. 1, using deep underwater muon and neutrino detectors16"18 (DUMAND). It measures a known distribution of v radiation passing through an object,... Nature 309, 38 - 42 (03 May 1984), doi: 10.1038/309038a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 369. Books Received CONTEXT: ...B. SCHLICHT. Springer-Verlag: 1983. Pp.309. ISBN 3-540-12091-2/0-387-12091-2. DM119, 46.20. Neutron Scattering and Muon Spin Rotation. Springer Tracts in Modern Physics, Vol. 101. Contributions by R.E. LECHNER, D. RICHTER and C.... Nature 309, 653 - 653 (14 Jun 1984), doi: 10.1038/309653a0, Books Received PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 370. Industrial power by research? SUMMARY: China's science is in the process of being harnessed to ambitious social and economic goals. This survey of science in China may suggest whether the venture will succeed. CONTEXT: ...of the properties of these particles and the details of the decay of the heavier analogue of the electron and muon (the tauon). The more enduring objective is to show that China can build an accelerator, and in the process win access... Nature 318, 205 - 228 (21 Nov 1985), doi: 10.1038/318205a0, Science in China PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 371. A cosmic-ray explanation of the galactic ridge of cosmic X-rays C. L. Bhat, T. Kifune, A. W. Wolfendale CONTEXT: ...bound of -70 on the number of sources operating in the Galaxy at present (see rf. 17). (4) A recent analysis of muon-poor showers by the Lodz group18 indicates an excess of 1-2% from the galactic plane at - 2 ? 1016eV, a result which... Nature 318, 267 - 269 (21 Nov 1985), doi: 10.1038/318267a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 372. Particl physics: How to detect solar neutrinos W. Hampel CONTEXT: ...This leads to oscillations of the electron neutrinos, vc, produced in the Sun with neutrinos of other flavours (muon- or tau-neutrinos, ? or vr) on their way from the Sun to the detector. In fact, the discrepancy between the theory... Nature 318, 312 - 313 (28 Nov 1985), doi: 10.1038/318312a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 373. Hopes grow for supersymmetry John Ellis SUMMARY: High-energy collisions between protons and antiprotons produce strange events in which momentum fails to balance. Missing momentum may be carried by photinos, super-partners of the photon. CONTEXT: ...transverse momentum are neutrinos, as known, for example, from decays of a W to an electron plus neutrino or to a muon plus neutrino (W - ev or \w). The lepton plus jet events with missing transverse momentum could have been due to... Nature 313, 626 - 627 (21 Feb 1985), doi: 10.1038/313626a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 374. Making waves on Shelter Island Ya. B. Zeldovich CONTEXT: ...and the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron. Marshak went on to consider the possibility of two mesons: the muon as a heavy electron and the pion giving nuclear forces. For several decades physics was dominated by ingenious... Nature 324, 194 - 194 (13 Nov 1986), doi: 10.1038/324194a0, Autumn Books PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 375. Anatomy of a cosmic-ray neutrino source and the Cygnus X-3 system F. W. Stecker, A. K. Harding, J. J. Barnard CONTEXT: ...processes10 which probably produce the ? rays. This possibility has taken on more interest with the detection of muon signals in deep underground proton decay detectors (rf. 11 and J. Learned, personal communication) from the... Nature 316, 418 - 420 (01 Aug 1985), doi: 10.1038/316418a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 376. Remarks on and Observation of the Meteoric Auroral Phenomenon of November 17, 1882 CONTEXT: ...is to be found a description of similar arches, seen at Fremar5tle in Australia by Mr. Lefroy, in presence of the muon, which was obscured by one of ti em. This leaCs us to a question, touchtd by Mr. Backhouse, NA'IURE, vol. xvii. p.... Nature 27, 296 - 298 (25 Jan 1883), doi: 10.1038/027296a0, PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 377. Books Received CONTEXT: ...and Wave Dynamics. By L. BRETHOVSKIKH and V. GONCHAROV. Springer-Verlag: 1985. Pp.342. ISBN 3-540-13765-3. DM139. Muon Spin Rotation Spectroscopy: Principles and Applications in Solid State Physics. By A. SCHENCK. Adam Hilger: 1985.... Nature 319, 341 - 342 (23 Jan 1986), doi: 10.1038/319341a0, Books Received PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 378. Possible cosmological scenario with an unstable 17-keV neutrino T. Padmanabhan, M. M. Vasanthi CONTEXT: ...a much longer half-life than the age of the Universe9. A remaining possibility is the decay of VH (identified with muon neutrino) into v^ (identified with electron neutrino) and a Goldstone boson f that couples weakly to a... Nature 317, 335 - 336 (26 Sep 1985), doi: 10.1038/317335a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 379. Growth into smallness Nicholas Kemmer CONTEXT: ...the search for an account of nuclear forces started and, to close the story, we hear how Anderson's discovery of the muon and Yukawa's theory of the pion (as they were later to be called) seemed to open new vistas. It is left to the... Nature 321, 123 - 124 (08 May 1986), doi: 10.1038/321123a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 380. Grand unification: Solar neutrinos may hold the key Lincoln Wolfenstein CONTEXT: ...1014 to 1015 GeV. There are three sets, or generations, of particles. Thus in addition to the electron, there is the muon (p?? - 206rae) and the t particle (mr = 3,500we). Correspondingly there are three neutrinos, ve, ?? and ?t. The... Nature 323, 579 - 579 (16 Oct 1986), doi: 10.1038/323579a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 381. Signature of quark?gluon plasma seen CONTEXT: ...although they are not conclusive. The graph (courtesy of P. Son-deregger) shows the rate of production dJV/dM of muon pairs (a++/r) as a function of their total mass M. The resonance peak arises from pairs produced by the decay of... Nature 330, 19 - 19 (05 Nov 1987), doi: 10.1038/330019a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 382. Physics and Homi Bhabha Rudolf Peierls CONTEXT: ...be explained only by a breakdown of the quantum theory, or by a new particle, which indeed turned out to be the muon. His many papers on other subjects, such as electron-positron collisions ("Bhabha scattering"), new kinds of wave... Nature 323, 212 - 212 (18 Sep 1986), doi: 10.1038/323212a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 383. Making the most of SN1987A Terry P. Walker CONTEXT: ...the number of light neutrino species6'7 Nv^ 6-7. Three species are already known, associated with the electron, the muon and the tau. Information about other particles, such as axions and other neutrino types, can also be derived... Nature 330, 609 - 610 (23 Dec 1987), doi: 10.1038/330609a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 384. Companion-star beam steering of high-energy particles from Hercules X-1 Peter W. Gorham, John G. Learned CONTEXT: ...present lack of detections of Her X-l in sub-GeV y-rays supports this claim. The proposed DUMAND (deep underwater muon and neutrino detector) array could confirm this effect in neutrino observations. (2) The amplitude of the 1.24-s... Nature 323, 422 - 424 (02 Oct 1986), doi: 10.1038/323422a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 385. Particle physics: Particles and the Universe Neil Turok CONTEXT: ...neutrino mass (K. Winter, CERN). The possibility remains that the Universe is dominated by the (very likely heavier) muon or tao neutrinos. Some very interesting new ideas for detecting cold dark matter particles have been proposed... Nature 322, 111 - 112 (10 Jul 1986), doi: 10.1038/322111a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 386. Antimatter underestimated ANDRÉ GSPONER, JEAN-PIERRE HURNI CONTEXT: ...of muons. In every antiproton annihilation, on average three muons are produced. These could be used to induce muon-catalysed fusion reactions in a deuterium-tritium mixture, an attractive solution for a low-weight space nuclear... Nature 325, 754 - 754 (26 Feb 1987), doi: 10.1038/325754a0, Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 387. Physics successes D. H. PERKINS CONTEXT: ...and Imperial College London in the discovery of gluons in 1979). They also played a leading role in neutrino and muon scattering experiments at CERN over the past decade, identifying partons with quarks and providing the first... Nature 329, 386 - 386 (01 Oct 1987), doi: 10.1038/329386a0, Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 388. Supernova neutrinos, neutral currents and the origin of fluorine S. E. Woosley, W. C. Haxton CONTEXT: ...whose origin has hitherto been obscure – fluorine – and show that its solar abundance constrains the temperature of muon and tauon neutrinos to values near what is expected from the standard model (8–10 MeV). The idea of... Nature 334, 45 - 47 (07 Jul 1988), doi: 10.1038/334045a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 389. Does magnetism hold the key? V. J. Emery CONTEXT: ...of the kind usually found in metals. This is revealed by the London magnetic penetration depth, as measured by muon spin relaxation1314. For YBa2Cu3O7_d, several experiments show that this quantity follows the usual BCS behaviour... Nature 328, 756 - 757 (27 Aug 1987), doi: 10.1038/328756a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 390. Getting results F. W. Bullock CONTEXT: ...analysed in impressive detail are those (mainly cosmic-ray) experiments which eventually led to the discovery of the muon, and the accelerator experiments which resulted in the discovery of the neutral current process in weak... Nature 334, 576 - 576 (18 Aug 1988), doi: 10.1038/334576b0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 391. Gloomy prospects for Britain's involvement in CERN research Roland Pease CONTEXT: ...high-energy physics in response to pressure from other subject areas. An early victim of these cuts was the European Muon Collaboration at CERN which folded when the British contingent withdrew a year before the project was due to... Nature 329, 755 - 755 (29 Oct 1987), doi: 10.1038/329755a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 392. Particle acceleration and production of energetic photons in SN1987A T. K. Gaisser, Alice Harding, Todor Stanev CONTEXT: ...radiation of accelerated electrons and positrons. We have previously evaluated the related neutrino-induced, upward muon signal that would be produced from decay of charged pions and which can be searched for with large underground... Nature 329, 314 - 316 (24 Sep 1987), doi: 10.1038/329314a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 393. A man of universal interests Andrei Sakharov SUMMARY: The death of Ya. B. Zel'dovich robs physics of one of its guiding lights of the twentieth century. Here Andrei Sakharov reflects on his life and his science, while on p. 673 appears a report of t CONTEXT: ...A. Smorodinskii and S.S. Gershtein, Zel'dovich considered the cosmological limits on the masses of the electron and muon neutrinos. These contributions are examples of the new directions in science that arose during the 1960s, that... Nature 331, 671 - 672 (25 Feb 1988), doi: 10.1038/331671a0, Commentary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 394. Richard Phillips Feynman (1918?1988) H. A. Bethe CONTEXT: ...They postulated, in fact, that this was true not only for the neutrino, but for any particle, electron, muon and even composite particles like protons and neutrons. They also proposed that the weak interaction is universal: all... Nature 332, 588 - 588 (14 Apr 1988), doi: 10.1038/332588a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 395. Observing the Big Bang B. E. J. Pagel CONTEXT: ...on the number of species of light neutrinos, Nv - normally taken as 3 for the three known leptons, the electron, muon and tauon - relativistic at the epoch of weak-interaction decoupling (T ~ 1 MeV), and on the half-life of the... Nature 326, 744 - 745 (23 Apr 1987), doi: 10.1038/326744a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 396. 100 years ago: Half life defies measurement J. Byrne CONTEXT: ...existing accuracy of about 2.5 per cent with the corresponding figures of 1.8 x HT3, 0.09 and 0.8 per cent for the muon, pion and the lambda parti-cles respectively. Like the lambda, the neutron is one of seven baryons closely... Nature 333, 398 - 399 (02 Jun 1988), doi: 10.1038/333398a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 397. Magnetic effects explored V. J. Emery CONTEXT: ...to excite pairs of spin waves (magnetic oscillations), find evidence of antiferromagnetism in YBa2Cu3O6+jr. Muon-spin rotation experiments performed by Brewer et al.2A show that there is magnetic ordering in this material for x less... Nature 333, 14 - 15 (05 May 1988), doi: 10.1038/333014a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 398. Physical interface J. H. Mulvey CONTEXT: ...the interface between nuclear and particle physics, it is odd that no place is found for the EMC (European muon collaboration) effect, dating from 1983, which directly probes the quark-gluon composition of nuclear matter á[euro]" as... Nature 337, 126 - 126 (12 Jan 1989), doi: 10.1038/337126a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 399. Discovery of a double radio source associated with Cygnus X-3 R. G. Strom, J. van Paradijs, M. van der Klis CONTEXT: ...radio outbursts3–5 and reports of very-high-energy (up to 1015 eV) ?-ray emission6,7 (see also ref. 8) and muon-rich showers9–11 makes Cyg X-3 a unique object among X-ray binaries. Very-high-resolution spatial mapping shows that the... Nature 337, 234 - 236 (19 Jan 1989), doi: 10.1038/337234a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 400. Electron doping tests theories V. J. Emery CONTEXT: ...known from neutron-scattering experiments by Torardi et al. (D.E. Cox, personal communication) on Pr2CuO4 and muon-spin-rotation ones by Luke et al. (Y. Uemura, personal communication) on Pr,CuO4, Nd2CuO4 and Sm2CuO4 that the end... Nature 337, 306 - 307 (26 Jan 1989), doi: 10.1038/337306a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 401. The physics of dense nuclear matter from supernovae to quark gluon plasma Reinhard Stock SUMMARY: At high density, nuclear matter is better regarded as a dense fluid rather than a collection of individual protons and neutrons. A good understanding of the properties of nuclear matter, importan CONTEXT: ...subfraction of the created particles at high precision, and some detectors that are set up specifically to find muon pairs or photons. Similar experiments have been conducted at the Brookhaven ACS synchrotron, with 16O and 28Si beams... Nature 337, 319 - 324 (26 Jan 1989), doi: 10.1038/337319a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 402. SNO ball starts rolling G. Christopher Anderson CONTEXT: ...but unproved explanation is that electron neutrinos emitted by the Sun transmute on their way here into other types, muon and tauon neutrinos, which the other detectors cannot pick up. SNO can detect all neutrino types, and so should... Nature 343, 104 - 104 (11 Jan 1990), doi: 10.1038/343104b0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 403. Observation by neutron diffraction of the magnetic flux lattice in single-crystal YBa2Cu3O7?? E. M. Forgan, D. McK. Fault, H. A. Mook, P. A. Timmins, H. Keller, S. Sutton, J. S. Abell CONTEXT: ...bulk can therefore be probed by any microscopic technique that is sensiá-tive to this field contrast. For instance, muon spin resonance (|jiSR) experiments can supply information on the extent of the field non-uniformity in the mixed... Nature 343, 735 - 737 (22 Feb 1990), doi: 10.1038/343735a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 404. A cosmic book P. J. E. Peebles, Joseph Silk SUMMARY: Modern theories of the origin of large-scale structure depend on a variety of stimulating new ideas about the physics of the early Universe. In the absence of clean observational tests o CONTEXT: ...contribution to (1 (ref. 4). For example, if massive neutrinos decoupled from the cosmological heat bath after muon pair annihilation and before electron annihilation in the early Universe then the present mean neutrino number... Nature 335, 601 - 606 (13 Oct 1988), doi: 10.1038/335601a0, Review Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 405. Upper limits on neutron and ?-ray emission from cold fusion M. Gai, S. L. Rugari, R. H. France, B. J. Lund, Z. Zhao, A. J. Davenport, H. S. Isaacs, K. G. Lynn SUMMARY: Neutron and ?-ray emission from a variety of electrochemical cells (running continuously for up to two weeks) have been measured using a sensitive detection system with a very low backgro CONTEXT: ...MeV) + ^(23.772 MeV) (3) Reactions (1) and (2) take place at similar rates3, as suggested by room-temperature muon-catalysed fusion in molecular hydrogen1 whereas reaction (3) can be assumed to be 4 to 5 orders of magnitude slower.... Nature 340, 29 - 34 (06 Jul 1989), doi: 10.1038/340029a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 406. Can solid-state effects enhance the cold-fusion rate? A. J. Leggett, G. Baym CONTEXT: ...theory4 and experiment6 suggest that much smaller values can be obtained when the deuterons are bound together by a muon or other heavy particle, which effectively screens the nuclear Coulomb charges from one another down to very... Nature 340, 45 - 46 (06 Jul 1989), doi: 10.1038/340045a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 407. Distilled delight D. H. Perkins CONTEXT: ...papers, which are reprinted at the end of each chapter. The contents range from discovery of the neutron, positron, muon and pion in the 1930s and 1940s, to the study of "strange" particles and hadron resonances in the 1950s and... Nature 342, 872 - 872 (28 Dec 1989), doi: 10.1038/342872a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 408. 1988 Nobel prizes announced for physics and for chemistry Maxine Clarke CONTEXT: ...is the heart of the photosynthetic reaction. Top, Lederman (left), Schwartz and Steinberger, discoverers of the muon neutrino. Bottom, Deisenhofer (left), Huber and Michel, first to solve the structure of a membrane protein.... Nature 335, 752 - 753 (27 Oct 1988), doi: 10.1038/335752b0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 409. Is the end of particle proliferation at hand? Roland Pease, David Lindley CONTEXT: ...leptons, fall into three families or generations: each family includes two quarks, a heavy lepton, (the electron, muon or tauon) and the corresponding neutrino. The third family awaits the discovery of the top quark, but otherwise... Nature 341, 555 - 555 (19 Oct 1989), doi: 10.1038/341555a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 410. On the third branch Colin Upstill CONTEXT: ...(Alan R. Liss). Microbial Ecology in Health and Disease (Wiley). Microwave and Optical Technology Letters (Wiley). Muon Catalyzed Fusion: Journal Devoted to Theory and Experiment in uCF and Its Applications, Mesic Atomic and... Nature 341, 370 - 370 (28 Sep 1989), doi: 10.1038/341370a0, New Journals PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 411. Physics in times good and bad CONTEXT: ...success was the designation of the institute as the National Laboratory of Nuclear Fusion. But the plan, to study muon-catalysed fusion, exists only on paper. Despite the lack of sophisticated equipment, several groups at CBPF look... Nature 342, 361 - 361 (23 Nov 1989), doi: 10.1038/342361a0, SCIENCE IN BRAZIL PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 412. Upper bounds on 'cold fusion' in electrolytic cells D. E. Williams, D. J. S. Findlay, D. H. Craston, M. R. Sené, M. Bailey, S. Croft, B. W. Hooton, C. P. Jones, A. R. J. Kucernak, J. A. Mason, R. I. Taylor SUMMARY: Experiments using three different calorimeter designs and high-efficiency neutron and ? -ray detection on a wide range of materials fail to sustain the recent claims of cold fusion ma CONTEXT: ...nuclei requires either very high temperature (as in a tokamak) or unusually close proximity of the two nuclei (as in muon-catalysed fusion). The calculated fusion rate at the internuclear separation in the deuterium molecule (0.74 A)... Nature 342, 375 - 384 (23 Nov 1989), doi: 10.1038/342375a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 413. The physicist and the Soviet citizen E. L. Feinberg SUMMARY: Few people have had such wide and deep influence as Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov. Here E. L. Feinberg reflects on Sakharov's life and work. On page 13 Maxim Frank-Kamenetskii recounts the circumst CONTEXT: ...heating by using a peculiar phenomenon, first discussed in quite a different context by F. C. Frank: a negative muon in combination with deuterium or tritium forms a system akin to a hydrogen atom, but some 200 times smaller. Being... Nature 344, 11 - 14 (01 Mar 1990), doi: , Commentary PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 414. Z° factory makes ready Marcia Barinaga CONTEXT: ...machine for repairs last September (see Nature 335, 285; 1988). During last autumn and winter, new magnets called muon spoilers were added to SLC, to deflect background muons away from the detector. A slight misalignment in the... Nature 338, 606 - 606 (20 Apr 1989), doi: 10.1038/338606c0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 415. Consensus on cold fusion still elusive Richard L. Garwin SUMMARY: Accounts of the cold-fusion experiments at the University of Utah and Brigham Young University were presented last week at a meeting at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, but many CONTEXT: ...An important experimental point is provided by the case in which m*=207, corresponding to that in which a negative muon binds two deuterons as a molecular ion 207 times smaller in dimensions than the normal molecular ion, the waves.... Nature 338, 616 - 617 (20 Apr 1989), doi: 10.1038/338616a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 416. Growth and anisotropic superconducting properties of Nd2?xCexCu04?y single crystals Yoshikazu Hidaka, Minoru Suzuki CONTEXT: ...of these oxides has been studied as a function of hole doping of the Cu-O layers, which have apical oxygen atoms. Muon spin resonance has revealed that the parent compound of the electron-doped system Nd2^JCCexCuO4_> (NCCO) also... Nature 338, 635 - 637 (20 Apr 1989), doi: 10.1038/338635a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 417. A case of vanishing neutrinos Michael Cherry CONTEXT: ...the character, or flavour, of the neutrinos from electron-type which can be detected in the current experiments, to muon- or tau-type, which cannot. The degree to which these flavours interchange, or mix, depends on the neutrino mass... Nature 347, 708 - 709 (25 Oct 1990), doi: 10.1038/347708a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 418. Prophet of our times John M. Charap CONTEXT: ...Vikhireva, and their children in the 1960s. Sakharov worked on a whole range of problems related to fusion: muon catalysis (on which he wrote as early as 1948); generation of superstrong (hundreds of tesla) pulsed magnetic fields by... Nature 354, 333 - 334 (28 Nov 1991), doi: 10.1038/354333a0, Autumn Books PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 419. Environmental fine structure in low-energy ?-particle spectra Steven E. Koonin CONTEXT: ...the precise atomic environment in which the tritium resides, but there is little direct information on this point. Muon-decay experiments in the analogous silicon crystal suggest that hydrogen occupies an interbond site 0.9 A from... Nature 354, 468 - 470 (12 Dec 1991), doi: 10.1038/354468a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 420. State of the art David Bailin CONTEXT: ...the W and Z bosons, would be massless, just as the photon is and, because the theory is chiral, the electron, muon and other fermions would also be massless. Breaking the gauge symmetry is even easier than preserving it, but in... Nature 345, 302 - 302 (24 May 1990), doi: 10.1038/345302a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 421. Dark dark matter Craig J. Hogan CONTEXT: ...the solar neutrino deficit, especially for low-energy neutrinos, involves a conversion between massive elec-tron and muon neutrinos catalysed by the solar plasma. The preferred picture predicts that the more massive of the two has a... Nature 351, 96 - 97 (09 May 1991), doi: 10.1038/351096b0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 422. Casting more light on light David J. Miller CONTEXT: ...collision at an electron-positron collider producing a pair of charged particles c and c which could be muon and antimuon, a quark and antiquark, a positive and negative pion, and so on. FIG. 2 a, Two-photon interaction via a virtual... Nature 357, 285 - 286 (28 May 1992), doi: 10.1038/357285a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 423. A fox with quills Robert W. Cahn CONTEXT: ...essays dealing with abstruse sidetracks of dislocation theory; and a remarkable one by L. I. Ponomarev of Moscow on muon-cata- lysed nuclear fusion, a flourishing research field directly initiated by one of Frank's short but dense... Nature 351, 531 - 532 (13 Jun 1991), doi: 10.1038/351531a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 424. Obituary: Edwin M. McMillan (1907?1991) J. D. JACKSON CONTEXT: ...spent a happy year at CERN in 1974-75, with the group making a precision measurement of the magnetic moment of the muon. I recall his delight in telling me how, by detailed analysis of a tiny unexplained loss of the muons from their... Nature 353, 602 - 602 (17 Oct 1991), doi: 10.1038/353602a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 425. Standard deviation CONTEXT: ...of 200,000 Z° particles detected at ALEPH, 35 decayed by an unusual route to produce a pair of leptons (an electron, muon or tau and its respective antiparticle) and a short-lived photon. Of these few decays (actually an unexpectedly... Nature 351, 697 - 697 (27 Jun 1991), doi: 10.1038/351697d0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 426. Particles to the rescue Michael L. Cherry CONTEXT: ...colleagues used a high-energy accelerator beam at Brookhaven to demonstrate the difference between electron and muon neutrinos. Since then, experiments at reactors, accelerators, underground and on the Earth's surface have been done... Nature 355, 508 - 508 (06 Feb 1992), doi: 10.1038/355508a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 427. Infrared reflectivity measurements of a superconducting energy scale in Rb3c60 L. D. Rotter, Z. Schlesinger, John P. McCauley, Nicole Coustel, John E. Fischer, Amos B. Smith CONTEXT: ...of 500± 100 nm, which is larger than the value expected in the clean limit, but in agreement with estimates based on muon spin resonance27. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We thank P. A. Lee, P. W. Anderson, R. T. Collins, R. L. Greene, M. P. A.... Nature 355, 532 - 534 (06 Feb 1992), doi: 10.1038/355532a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 428. Foreign contributors hold fate of two SSC detectors Jeffrey Mervis CONTEXT: ...who must build the two massive detectors - known as SDC (Solenoidal Detector Collaboration) and GEM (Gamma-Electron-Muon)-that will carry out the laboratory' s experimental programme, the issue has suddenly become very real: if other... Nature 357, 102 - 102 (14 May 1992), doi: 10.1038/357102a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 429. Reopening the solar neutrino question Lawrence M. Krauss SUMMARY: A surprising new measurement confirms that the Sun shines but, confusingly, supports all plausible solutions of the long-standing solar neutrino problem. CONTEXT: ...known as muons and taus. Unlike Homestake and the new gallium-based detectors, Kamiokande is weakly sensitive to muon and tau neutrinos, so that the higher flux it sees is understandable - at the cost of assigning mass to neutrinos,... Nature 357, 437 - 437 (11 Jun 1992), doi: 10.1038/357437a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 430. Supercollider creates a field of dreams for luring high-energy physicists to Texas Jeffrey Mervis CONTEXT: ...of recording up to 300 million collisions per second. The detector collaboration known as GEM (Gamma, Electron and Muon), for example, will feature the world's largest superconducting magnet, a horseshoe-shaped object 17m in width. o... Nature 357, 632 - 633 (25 Jun 1992), doi: 10.1038/357632a0, Science in Texas PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 431. Large-scale structure in a universe with mixed hot and cold dark matter Marc Davis, F. J. Summers, David Schlegel CONTEXT: ...MDM model provides a good fit to the fluctuations observed by COBE9'11. A small rest mass, of order 10˜2-10˜3 eV for muon neutrinos, with a considerably smaller mass for the electron neutrino, would account for the observed deficits... Nature 359, 393 - 396 (01 Oct 1992), doi: 10.1038/359393a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 432. Molecular deconstructivism Dan Graur CONTEXT: ...structure, function and evolution". The basic element in their new dic-tionary is "nuon" (not to be confused with muon), which is supposed to denote "any stretch of nucleic acid sequence that may be identifiable by any crite-rion".... Nature 363, 490 - 490 (10 Jun 1993), doi: 10.1038/363490b0, Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 433. On top of the particle world John Ellis CONTEXT: ...from CDF consists of a dozen or so events containing either two W bosons (seen via their decays into an electron or muon and a neutrino) or one such W together with three or four jets of hadrons. These are believed to be due to the... Nature 370, 101 - 102 (14 Jul 1994), doi: 10.1038/370101a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 434. One discovery inside another CONTEXT: ...plates to demonstrate, in 1947, that the candidate mesons in cosmic rays are of two kinds, the pion and the muon. (The former is the supposed mediator of the internucleon force; the latter turns out to be a heavier version of the... Nature 372, 19 - 19 (03 Nov 1994), doi: 10.1038/372019a0, MATTER — FRONTIERS OF IGNORANCE PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 435. Building-blocks of matter CONTEXT: ...more massive congeners JJL and T, the theorists are lucky that these particles transform among them-selves. Thus the muon is sponta-neously transformed into an electron by IX*-» e± +ve + v. That is the weak force in its pure and... Nature 372, 20 - 20 (03 Nov 1994), doi: 10.1038/372020a0, FRONTIERS OF IGNORANCE — MATTER PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 436. The ghosts in the machine? CONTEXT: ...directly with other particles, but only through the agency of the intermediate vector bosons, W± and Z°. Thus the muon is spontaneously trans-formed into an electron by the reaction |JL±-> e±+ve + v(JL and not, as might be expected,... Nature 372, 20 - 21 (03 Nov 1994), doi: 10.1038/372020b0, MATTER — FRONTIERS OF IGNORANCE PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 437. Direct observation of magnetic flux lattice melting and decomposition in the high-Tc superconductor Bi2.15Sr1.95CaCu2O8+x R. Cubitt, E. M. Forgan, G. Yang, S. L. Lee, D. McK. Paul, H. A. Mook, M. Yethiraj, P. H. Kes, T. W. Li, A. A. Menovsky, Z. Tarnawski, K. Mortensen SUMMARY: The flux line lattice inside a single crystal of Bi2.15Sr1.95CaCu2O8+x has been observed using small-angle neutron diffraction. The diffracted intensity goes rapidly to zero at a magnet CONTEXT: ...flux lattice occurs only in a small corner of the B-T phase diagram. Experimental details In recent muon spin rotation (jL/SR) measurements10, there were clear indications of a flux line lattice in BSCCO at fields less than 50 mT and... Nature 365, 407 - 411 (30 Sep 1993), doi: 10.1038/365407a0, Article Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 438. The laughing physicist Roland Pease CONTEXT: ...construction in Texas. On the way, he picked up a Nobel prize for physics for discovering that the electron-and muon-neutrinos are distinct parti-cles, and could have picked up two more (don't take my word for it, read the book and... Nature 362, 302 - 302 (25 Mar 1993), doi: 10.1038/362302a0, Book Review PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 439. Optical measurements of the superconducting gap in single-crystal K3C60 and Rb3C60 L. Degiorgi, G. Briceno, M. S. Fuhrer, A. Zettl, P. Wachter CONTEXT: ...investigations15'16, the pressure and temperature dependence of the nuclear spin lattice relaxation17, and the muon spin relaxation (uSR) experiments7, are also strongly indicative that the relevant excitation for the pairing... Nature 369, 541 - 543 (16 Jun 1994), doi: 10.1038/369541a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 440. Over the top to SUSY? A. D. Martin CONTEXT: ...ray data collected by the Kamiokande water Cerenkov detector in Japan, which finds only half the ex-pected number of muon neutrinos. Both the lightest sparticle (which is absolutely stable in many supersymmetric theories) and massive... Nature 371, 17 - 18 (01 Sep 1994), doi: 10.1038/371017a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 441. UK-Japan agreement to boost research collaboration David Swinbanks CONTEXT: ...London, funded by the Research Development Corporation of Japan, and a á£15-million investment by RIKEN in a pulsed muon source at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory in Britain. Many Japanese electronics and pharma-ceutical companies... Nature 365, 480 - 480 (07 Oct 1993), doi: 10.1038/365480a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 442. Getting to the bottom of top Frank Close, John Maddox SUMMARY: The announcement of the probable discovery of the top quark at Fermilab in the United States is a landmark in the history of particle physics, but an expected one. It would be enlivening if the n CONTEXT: ...been formulated. And the signal that led to the recognition of the tau lepton (heavy cousin of the electron and the muon) was extracted from noisy data only with dedication comparable with that which has probably now given us the top... Nature 368, 805 - 805 (28 Apr 1994), doi: 10.1038/368805a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 443. New light on antiprotonic atoms R. J. Hughes CONTEXT: ...spec-troscopy of positronium (the electron-positron atom) and muonium (the bound state of an electron and a positive muon) has produced some of the best tests of quantum electrodynamics. One might think that exotic atoms in which an... Nature 368, 813 - 814 (28 Apr 1994), doi: 10.1038/368813a0, News and Views PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 444. Evidence for stripe correlations of spins and holes in copper oxide superconductors J. M. Tranquada, B. J. Sternlieb, J. D. Axe, Y. Nakamura, S. Uchida CONTEXT: ...yield long-range order. Also suggestive is the observation of static magnetic correlations in Lai.875Bao.i25CuO4 by.muon spin-rotation measurements25'26. A comparison of the LTO and LTT structures (Fig. 2) makes it clear why the... Nature 375, 561 - 563 (15 Jun 1995), doi: 10.1038/375561a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 445. Calorimetric measurement of the latent heat of vortex-lattice melting in untwinned YBa2Cu3O7?? A. Schilling, R. A. Fisher, N. E. Phillips, U. Welp, D. Dasgupta, W. K. Kwok, G. W. Crabtree CONTEXT: ...is a first-order phase transition3; features in the resistivity4–6 and magnetization7–10, as well as results from muon spin rotation11 and neutron-diffraction work12, have been cited to support this hypothesis. A calorimetric... Nature 382, 791 - 793 (29 Aug 1996), doi: 10.1038/382791a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 446. White House backs US contribution to LHC Colin Macilwain CONTEXT: ...to spend $200 million on the construction of the LHC and $250 million on its two detectors, Atlas and CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid). The National Science Foundation intends to spend an additional $80 million or so on the detectors,... Nature 385, 103 - 103 (09 Jan 1997), doi: 10.1038/385103a0, News PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 447. Evidence for polaronic supercarriers in the copper oxide superconductors La2?xSrxCuO4 Guo-meng Zhao, M. B. Hunt, H. Keller, K. A. Müller CONTEXT: ...0.105 sample (because ns for x = 0.15 is -1.5 times larger than that for x = 0.105), in excellent agreement with the muon spin rotation measurement10. Moreover, from equation (7) and the measured values of a°m* forx= 0.105 and 0.15,... Nature 385, 236 - 239 (16 Jan 1997), doi: 10.1038/385236a0, Letter Abstract | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 448. History of parity violation experiment Richard L. Garwin, Leon M. Lederman CONTEXT: ...of the failure of conservation of parity and charge conjugation in meson decays: the magnetic moment of the free muon", was spurred by Wu's Friday-lunch report of the status of the Co-60 experiment and was performed that Friday... Nature 386, 542 - 543 (10 Apr 1997), doi: 10.1038/386542b0, Correspondence PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 449. Scientists go down a mine to observe the Sun's neutrinos David Spurgeon SUMMARY: montreal Government and scientific representatives from many countries gathered last week in northern Ontario for the opening of the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory. CONTEXT: ...The observatory's detector will make an independent measurement of all three types of neutrinos (electron, tau and muon), so should be able to determine whether neutrinos produced inside the Sun change type as they travel outwards.... Nature 393, 6 - 6 (07 May 1998), doi: 10.1038/29843, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 450. Observation of a square flux-line lattice in the unconventional superconductor Sr2RuO4 T. M. Riseman, P. G. Kealey, E. M. Forgan, A. P. Mackenzie, L. M. Galvin, A. W. Tyler, S. L. Lee, C. Ager, D. McK. Paul, C. M. Aegerter, R. Cubitt, Z. Q. Mao, T. Akima, Y. Maeno SUMMARY: The phenomenon of superconductivity continues to be of considerable scientific and practical interest. Underlying this phenomenon is the formation of electron pairs, which in conventional superco CONTEXT: ...shows that there can be an overlap between this technique and decoration. A square FLL in SRO is also indicated by muon spin rotation (µSR) experiments in a purer sample than ours (G. M. Luke, personal communication), and in a less... Nature 396, 242 - 245 (19 Nov 1998), doi: 10.1038/24335, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 451. Obituary Sir Frederick Charles Frank (1911-98) John E. Enderby SUMMARY: The Physicist who influenced the course of modern solid-state physics. CONTEXT: ...once. A few, a very few, are cited 20 or more years after publication; today, probably 90% of papers published on muon-catalysed fusion cite that 1947 paper. Mott's Bristol was in an exciting phase of development, and although Frank... Nature 393, 314 - 314 (28 May 1998), doi: 10.1038/30622, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 452. Visualization of hydrogen migration in solids using switchable mirrors F. J. A. den Broeder, S. J. van der Molen, M. Kremers, J. N. Huiberts, D. G. Nagengast, A. T. M. van Gogh, W. H. Huisman, N. J. Koeman, B. Dam, J. H. Rector, S. Plota, M. Haaksma, R. M. N. Hanzen, R. M. Jungblut, P. A. Duine, R. Griessen SUMMARY: Switchable mirrors made of thin films of the hydrides of yttrium (YHx), lanthanum (LaHx) or rare-earth metals exhibit spectacular changes in their optical properties as x is varied from 0 to 3. F CONTEXT: ...ideal for the investigation of isotope effects when H is replaced by deuterium, tritium or the much lighter positive muon. The central idea of our present work is to exploit the characteristic features of the transmission spectra of... Nature 394, 656 - 658 (13 Aug 1998), doi: 10.1038/29250, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 453. Isotope astrophysics Two cradles for the heavy elements A. G. W. Cameron SUMMARY: Where do the Solar System's heavy elements come from? We have know for decades that many of the elements heavier than iron must have been formed in Supernovae. But it now appears impossible to pr CONTEXT: ...phase space of quantum states with neutrinos. Inside the neutron star, the six flavours of neutrino — electron, muon and tau, and their corresponding antiparticles — interchange rapidly among themselves and with the radiation field.... Nature 391, 228 - 231 (15 Jan 1998), doi: 10.1038/34535, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 454. US urged to explore accelerator options Colin Macilwain SUMMARY: washington The United States is not ready to build any more new particle accelerators, two separate panels of scientists have told the government. CONTEXT: ...energy of up to 1.5 TeV. Recommending that research should be "vigorously pursued" into technologies for future muon and very large hadron colliders, the Winstein panel says this effort "should focus on a reduction of cost through... Nature 391, 830 - 830 (26 Feb 1998), doi: 10.1038/35956, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 455. Particle physics The undemocratic proton David J. Miller SUMMARY: What flavour are the short-lived virtual quarks inside the nucleon? Two experiments have reported an excess of down- over up-antiquarks in the proton, contradicting expectations that the two flav CONTEXT: ...values of x. The NuSea experiment achieved a similar result by a different method, which involved production of muon pairs in proton scattering from hydrogen and deuterium targets (Fig. 2). Simple QCD theory does not predict an... Nature 397, 472 - 473 (11 Feb 1999), doi: 10.1038/17211, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 456. Quantum distribution of protons in solid molecular hydrogen at megabar pressures Hikaru Kitamura, Shinji Tsuneyuki, Tadashi Ogitsu, Takashi Miyake SUMMARY: Solid hydrogen, a simple system consisting only of protons and electrons, exhibits a variety of structural phase transitions at high pressures. Experimental studies based on static compression u CONTEXT: ...some technical reason. But as shown by our previous study on impurity muonium (a bound state comprising a positive muon and an electron) and hydrogen in crystalline silicon, quantum states of light particles may exhibit distributions... Nature 404, 259 - 262 (16 Mar 2000), doi: 10.1038/35005027, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 457. Top physics labs ?must bury the hatchet? Colin Macilwain SUMMARY: washington Michael Witherell has been appointed director of Fermilab, the largest high energy physics laboratory in the United States. CONTEXT: ...direction, saying only that both front-runner proposals for future machines there — a new lepton collider and a muon collider — “need to be looked at very seriously”. But the sensitive inter-laboratory relations the new director can... Nature 398, 97 - 97 (11 Mar 1999), doi: 10.1038/18081, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 458. Millennial highlights J. L. Heilbron, W. F. Bynum SUMMARY: ? from Gerbert d'Aurillac to Watson and Crick. CONTEXT: ...the US Army, the Atomic Energy Commission and the State of California, created the first mesons made by man (the muon and pion in 1947–48), the first pieces of antimatter (the anti-proton, 1955) and three Nobel prizes. Europe had to... Nature 403, 13 - 16 (06 Jan 2000), doi: 10.1038/47347, Commentary Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 459. Israel debates raising commitment to CERN Haim Watzman SUMMARY: Jerusalem Israel's science ministry is considering whether to apply to become a full member of the European Laboratory for Particle Physics. CONTEXT: ...says Giora Mikenberg, professor of particle physics at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Mikenberg, who leads the muon project at CERN's Large Hadron Collider, thinks that membership of CERN could lead to Israel becoming a full... Nature 405, 109 - 109 (11 May 2000), doi: 10.1038/35012296, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 460. A Bragg glass phase in the vortex lattice of a type II superconductor T. Klein, I. Joumard, S. Blanchard, J. Marcus, R. Cubitt, T. Giamarchi, P. Le Doussal SUMMARY: Although crystals are usually quite stable, they are sensitive to a disordered environment: even an infinitesimal amount of impurities can lead to the destruction of crystalline order. The result CONTEXT: ...length. However, such a strong deviation from the classical model has not been observed in the ?(T) deduced from muon spin resonance relaxation data. This shows that, besides being an ad hoc fit to the data, such a modification of... Nature 413, 404 - 406 (27 Sep 2001), doi: 10.1038/35096534, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 461. Eyes on the prize Trisha Gura SUMMARY: The Nobels mark their centenary this week. Their prestige is unquestioned, but does the way in which winners are selected reflect the way science is done in the twenty-first century? Trisha Gura CONTEXT: ...the 1988 physics Nobel for working out how to create intense, high-energy neutrino beams, and for discovering the muon neutrino. Maybe so, but that begs the question: would Jack Steinberger still be Jack Steinberger, Peter Doherty be... Nature 413, 560 - 564 (11 Oct 2001), doi: 10.1038/35098232, news feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 462. Fundamental physicsNewton rules (for now) Frank Wilczek SUMMARY: Three hundred years after Newton explained the falling of an apple and the motion of the planets, physicists are beginning to test his universal law of gravity down to micrometre distances |[mdas CONTEXT: ...particles in different families — for example the difference between the electron and its heavier cousins, the muon and tau leptons. None of these exotic particles has yet been detected. Physicists have seen only the effects of... Nature 410, 881 - 882 (19 Apr 2001), doi: 10.1038/35073725, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 463. Realignment of the flux-line lattice by a change in the symmetry of superconductivity in UPt3 Andrew Huxley, Pierre Rodière, Donald McK. Paul, Niels van Dijk, Robert Cubitt, Jacques Flouquet SUMMARY: In 1957, Abrikosov described how quanta of magnetic flux enter the interior of a bulk type II superconductor. It was subsequently predicted that, in an isotropic superconductor, the repulsive fo CONTEXT: ...is consistent with Saul's model and also explains the observed increase in the magnetic penetration length seen in muon measurements. Transverse ultrasound attenuation measurements further show that the extra nodes lie parallel to... Nature 406, 160 - 164 (13 Jul 2000), doi: 10.1038/35018020, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 464. Imploding detectors shatter plans for Japan's neutrino experiments David Cyranoski CONTEXT: ...they have mass. Neutrinos come in three forms, or 'flavours', and in experimental runs up to April this year, muon neutrinos, the flavour shot from KEK, have been detected by Super-K's sensors 44 times. As this falls short of the 66... Nature 414, 381 - 382 (22 Nov 2001), doi: 10.1038/35106691, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 465. Interplay of magnetism and high-Tc superconductivity at individual Ni impurity atoms in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+? E. W. Hudson, K. M. Lang, V. Madhavan, S. H. Pan, H. Eisaki, S. Uchida, J. C. Davis SUMMARY: Magnetic interactions and magnetic impurities are destructive to superconductivity in conventional superconductors. By contrast, in some unconventional macroscopic quantum systems (such as superf CONTEXT: ...as NMR and inelastic neutron scattering (INS), and probes of the superfluid density such as penetration depth and muon-spin-rotation (µSR)32, show marked differences between Ni- and Zn-doped samples. Analysis of the Ni impurity-state... Nature 411, 920 - 924 (21 Jun 2001), doi: 10.1038/35082019, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 466. Put your lab in a different class Sally Goodman SUMMARY: In many countries, students are turning away from the hard sciences. Can initiatives that give young people hands-on experience of research help to lure them back? Sally Goodman goes back to scho CONTEXT: ...Labour of learning But Randy Ruchti of the University of Notre Dame in Indiana, a physicist working on the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment for the LHC, wanted to take the experience further and get students actively engaged.... Nature 420, 12 - 14 (07 Nov 2002), doi: 10.1038/420012a, news feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 467. Pressure-induced crystallization of a spin liquid I. Mirebeau, I. N. Goncharenko, P. Cadavez-Peres, S. T. Bramwell, M. J. P. Gingras, J. S. Gardner SUMMARY: Liquids are expected to crystallize at low temperature. The only exception is helium, which can remain liquid at 0 K, owing to quantum fluctuations. Similarly, the atomic magnetic moment CONTEXT: ...a fluctuating paramagnetic state down to 70 mK (ref. 8), although spin glass behaviour below 70 mK has been claimed. Muon spin relaxation and neutron scattering show that the Tb spins begin to develop short-range antiferromagnetic... Nature 420, 54 - 57 (07 Nov 2002), doi: 10.1038/nature01157, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 468. news in brief CONTEXT: ...have their origin in an algebraic error. The Brookhaven group measured the magnetic moment of a particle known as a muon, and found it to differ from the predicted value. They then claimed that their findings could violate the... Nature 415, 6 - 6 (03 Jan 2002), doi: 10.1038/415006a, News in Brief Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 469. Antiferromagnetic order induced by an applied magnetic field in a high-temperature superconductor B. Lake, H. M. Rønnow, N. B. Christensen, G. Aeppli, K. Lefmann, D. F. McMorrow, P. Vorderwisch, P. Smeibidl, N. Mangkorntong, T. Sasagawa, M. Nohara, H. Takagi, T. E. Mason SUMMARY: One view of the high-transition-temperature (high-Tc) copper oxide superconductors is that they are conventional superconductors where the pairing occurs between weakly interacting quasiparticles CONTEXT: ...of ~50% for the incommensurate magnetic state, assuming that the ordered moment is 0.4µB per Cu2+, as suggested by muon spin relaxation data. Last, whereas the zero-field signal indeed displays the gradual rise typically associated... Nature 415, 299 - 302 (17 Jan 2002), doi: 10.1038/415299a, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 470. Emergent excitations in a geometrically frustrated magnet S.-H. Lee, C. Broholm, W. Ratcliff, G. Gasparovic, Q. Huang, T. H. Kim, S.-W. Cheong SUMMARY: Frustrated systems are ubiquitous, and they are interesting because their behaviour is difficult to predict; frustration can lead to macroscopic degeneracies and qualitatively new states of matte CONTEXT: ...described by exact diagonalization of judiciously chosen spin clusters. Moreover, the so-called ‘undecouplable’ muon spin resonance response is recognized as being a consequence of muons sensing slow, large-amplitude fluctuations of... Nature 418, 856 - 858 (22 Aug 2002), doi: 10.1038/nature00964, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 471. High-energy physicsThe mass question Edward Witten SUMMARY: Do the elementary particles known as neutrinos have mass? Yes, according to recent experiments. But how much? A surprising ? and controversial ? result suggests that the answer is CONTEXT: ...of looking for neutrino mass depends on the fact that there are three kinds of neutrino: the electron neutrino, the muon neutrino and the tau neutrino (which are typically produced alongside electrons, muons and tau leptons,... Nature 415, 969 - 971 (28 Feb 2002), doi: 10.1038/415969a, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 472. Physicists plot mass production of neutrinos David Adam CONTEXT: ...They think that learning to control and store muons in a neutrino factory would open the way towards building a muon collider (see Nature 394, 611; 1998), which could use the relatively massive particles to yield very high-energy... Nature 418, 117 - 117 (11 Jul 2002), doi: 10.1038/418117a, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 473. Universal values Thanu Padmanabhan CONTEXT: ...one has a choice in the matter. For example, one might have thought a priori that the ratio of the masses of the muon and the electron (which is still undetermined even though we believe we understand the physics of leptons) or the... Nature 419, 780 - 780 (24 Oct 2002), doi: 10.1038/419780a, Autumn Books Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 474. Particle physicsNow you see them, now you don't David Wark SUMMARY: Evidence has been growing that the fundamental particles known as neutrinos oscillate ? one type of neutrino can transform into another type. A well-placed experiment now points to the de CONTEXT: ...In the standard model of particle physics, there are three types (or 'flavours') of neutrino — called electron, muon and tau neutrinos — all with zero mass. Bilenky and Pontecorvo pointed out that if neutrinos did have mass, quantum... Nature 421, 485 - 486 (30 Jan 2003), doi: 10.1038/421485a, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 475. Hidden orbital order in the heavy fermion metal URu2Si2 P. Chandra, P. Coleman, J. A. Mydosh, V. Tripathi SUMMARY: When matter is cooled from high temperatures, collective instabilities develop among its constituent particles that lead to new kinds of order. An anomaly in the specific heat is a classic signat CONTEXT: ...regions, implying that the magnetic and the hidden orders are phase-separated. This conclusion, supported by muon spin resonance (µSR) data, implies that the hidden-order phase contains no spin order. The observed growth of the... Nature 417, 831 - 834 (20 Jun 2002), doi: 10.1038/nature00795, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 476. Electric field effect in correlated oxide systems C. H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, J. Mannhart SUMMARY: Semiconducting field-effect transistors are the workhorses of the modern electronics era. Recently, application of the field-effect approach to compounds other than semiconductors has created opp CONTEXT: ...and should be proportional to the superfluid density ns. This relationship has been observed experimentally in muon spin resonance experiments on chemically doped bulk samples. Recent ferroelectric field-effect experiments on... Nature 424, 1015 - 1018 (28 Aug 2003), doi: 10.1038/nature01878, Progress Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 477. India plans to bring neutrino science home K. S. Jayaraman CONTEXT: ...are keen to improve their understanding of the properties of the three different types of neutrinos — electron, muon and tau neutrinos. Mondal says that the new laboratory could verify results obtained by physicists at Japan's... Nature 423, 909 - 909 (26 Jun 2003), doi: 10.1038/423909a, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 478. Ice machine sheds light on climate history written in dust Jim Giles CONTEXT: ...can identify the path of neutrinos by tracking light emitted when the new particles are formed. The Antarctic Muon and Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) used this technique to spot its first neutrino in 2001. But to calibrate the... Nature 428, 355 - 355 (25 Mar 2004), doi: 10.1038/428355b, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 479. Earth sciences Ghosts from within William F. McDonough SUMMARY: The first detection of geoneutrinos from beneath our feet is a landmark result. It will allow better estimation of the abundances and distributions of radioactive elements in the Earth, and of th CONTEXT: ...neutrinos, come in three varieties, each named after the charged particle with which they are paired: electron, muon and tau. Electron antineutrinos are produced in ß--decays of an atomic nucleus that occur, for example, when... Nature 436, 467 - 468 (27 Jul 2005), doi: 10.1038/436467a, News and Views Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 480. Relative beginners Derek Raine CONTEXT: ...time dilation). What causes a rod to contract from the point of view of the moving observer, or the lifetime of a muon to increase, when nothing happens to either in its rest frame? We tend to dismiss this as a question of... Nature 437, 1237 - 1237 (26 Oct 2005), doi: 10.1038/4371237a, Books and Arts Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 481. Particle physicsLet the games begin Jenny Hogan SUMMARY: A series of mental challenges is helping physicists to prepare for the strange data they may get when the next particle accelerator goes live. Jenny Hogan joins the work-out. CONTEXT: ...olympians will come in, says Albert de Roeck, physics analysis coordinator for the LHC detector known as the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS). Physicists have not had to contend with unexpected physics since the standard model , which... Nature 440, 268 - 269 (15 Mar 2006), doi: 10.1038/440268a, News Feature Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 482. Spin correlations in the electron-doped high-transition-temperature superconductor Nd2-xCexCuO4±? E. M. Motoyama, G. Yu, I. M. Vishik, O. P. Vajk, P. K. Mang, M. Greven SUMMARY: High-transition-temperature (high-Tc) superconductivity develops near antiferromagnetic phases, and it is possible that magnetic excitations contribute to the superconducting pairing mechanism. CONTEXT: ...is consistent with the observation that the Néel transition is very broad in SC samples (Fig. 4b), and also with muon spin-resonance results, which show a significant decrease of the AF volume fraction near x = 0.14. We note that the... Nature 445, 186 - 189 (11 Jan 2007), doi: 10.1038/nature05437, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 483. Behind the hunt for the Higgs boson Jenny Hogan SUMMARY: Race to find elusive particle steps up a gear. CONTEXT: ...collisions in the Tevatron. Jim Virdee at CERN is the spokesman for one of the LHC's experiments, the Compact Muon Spectrometer. “We are aware of this competition,” he says. “It makes us make sure the experiments and the accelerator... Nature 445, 239 - 239 (17 Jan 2007), doi: 10.1038/445239a, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 484. Evidence for fourth neutrino fades Jenny Hogan SUMMARY: Fermilab detector quashes sterile particle. CONTEXT: ...At low neutrino energies the detector saw more electron neutrinos in the experiment's beam of muon neutrinos than expected. The team can't yet explain the observation and the community's curiosity is piqued. “Already theorists are... Nature 446, 837 - 837 (18 Apr 2007), doi: 10.1038/446837b, News Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 485. The making of the standard model Gerard 't Hooft SUMMARY: A seemingly temporary solution to almost a century of questions has become one of physics' greatest successes. CONTEXT: ...Matter particles (see page 270) had been divided into leptons and hadrons. The known leptons were the electron, the muon and their two neutrinos (these last assumed to be massless); hadrons, such as protons and pions, obeyed the... Nature 448, 271 - 273 (18 Jul 2007), doi: 10.1038/nature06074, Insight Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 486. The quest for the quark?gluon plasma Peter Braun-Munzinger, Johanna Stachel SUMMARY: High-energy collisions between heavy nuclei have in the past 20 years provided multiple indications of a deconfined phase of matter that exists at phenomenally high temperatures and pressures. Th CONTEXT: ...direction of one of the accelerator beams, and behind a conical absorber that projects into the central barrel, is a muon detector with its own large dipole magnet. Because muons do not undergo strong reactions, and because those at... Nature 448, 302 - 309 (18 Jul 2007), doi: 10.1038/nature06080, Insight Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 487. Diary CONTEXT: ...Composition and Origin of the -Waiers of a Salt Spring in Huel Seton Mine, with a Chemical and Micro-scopici' Exam'muon of esrla'n Rocks in its Vicinity: J. A. Phillips. SOCIETY OF ANTIQUARIES, at 8.30.-Oriental Bronze Implements: A.... Nature 7, 256 - 256 (30 Jan 1873), doi: 10.1038/007256a0, PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 488. NOTES CONTEXT: ...of the ice towards the north-west corner- of Spitzbcrgen, where she will meet a storeship which preceded her. Muon gratification is felt in Peru at the discovery of a new coal deposit near PiECO, which is said to be one of- he best... Nature 8, 191 - 193 (03 Jul 1873), doi: 10.1038/008191a0, Correction PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link 489. Cooperative mechanisms of fast-ion conduction in gallium-based oxides with tetrahedral moieties Emma Kendrick, John Kendrick, Kevin S. Knight, M. Saiful Islam, Peter R. Slater SUMMARY: The need for greater energy efficiency has garnered increasing support for the use of fuel-cell technology, a prime example being the solid-oxide fuel cell. A crucial requirement for such device Nature Materials 6, 871 - 875 (21 Oct 2007), doi: 10.1038/nmat2039, Letter Abstract | Full Text | PDF | Rights and permissions | Save this link